财会实务-资产负债表相关介绍(英)
什么是资产负债表？
The purpose of a Balance Sheet is to report the financial position of a company at a certain point in time. It is divided into two columns. The first lists what the company owns (assets) on the left. The second shows what the company owes (liabilities and net worth) on the right. At the bottom of each list is the total of that column. As the name implies, the bottom line of the balance sheet must always "balance." In other words, the total assets are equal to the total liabilities plus the net worth.
The particular elements of a balance sheet may vary significantly from day to day. Over time, these "snapshots" of a company, taken on a year-end or monthly basis, can reveal important information about the ability of the company to satisfy its creditors 1, manage inventory 2, and collect its receivables.
Another way to look at the balance sheet is in terms of the "sources" and "uses" of cash. Liabilities and net worth are sources of cash. They represent debt owed to creditors who have supplied cash or its equivalent. Assets are a use of cash. The company uses cash to purchase assets in order to make a profit.
Balance Sheet
Owns
Owes
Use of Cash
Source of Cash
Assets which are the most like cash
Obligations which must be paid to keep creditors happy
Assets which will turn into cash within one year
Obligations which will be due and payable 3 within one year
Assets which may never mature into cash
Obligations which are the least nervous and never due
Total Assets
Liabilities & Net Worth
Understanding the sources and uses of cash is critical to the survival and growth of a small business. Creditors (sources of cash) must be kept happy because they supply the inventory (use of cash) which is sold by the company to make a profit.
Current assets are those assets which will mature into cash during the next twelve months. They are a measure of the liquidity 4 of a company, which is the amount of time it takes for an asset to be converted into cash.
This time period is referred to as the Operating Cycle. In other words, a company begins with cash, purchases inventory with the cash, sells the inventory which creates a receivable, and then collects the receivable which generates the cash. The cash is then used to purchase additional inventory and the cycle begins again. In terms of liquidity, cash is the highest quality current asset and inventory is the lowest quality. Whereas cash is immediately available to pay obligations, inventory must be converted into cash (through the operating cycle), before it is available to pay bills.
建立资产负债表
When constructing a balance sheet, assets and liabilities are listed in a specific order. Assets are listed in descending 5 order with cash and assets most like cash first.
Liabilities are also listed in descending order with those obligations which are due soonest listed first. Current liabilities are those liabilities which must be paid within the next twelve months. Those liabilities which may never come due and payable (i.e., subordinated officer debt) are listed last. Liabilities are creditors who have provided cash to the company. They must be paid in a timely manner in order to keep them as sources of cash. For example, the company purchases inventory (use of cash) and an account payable (source of cash) is created with the supplier. The payable should be kept current so that the supplier will provide additional inventory in the future.
资本净值
Net worth simply represents the owner's investment in the company. It is treated the same as a liability in that both creditors and owners are a source of cash for the company. The owner's investment, however, is an obligation which may never have to be repaid. A positive net worth demonstrates that the owners have a financial commitment to the company that is subordinate to all other creditors.
重要概念
Current Assets: those assets which mature into cash in one year or less (CA).
Accounts Receivable: dollars due from customers as a result of selling inventory or services on terms which allow for delivery prior to the payment of cash. The transaction exists as a receivable on the balance sheet until cash is collected from the customer (A/R).
Inventory: the goods and materials a company sells to make a profit. Inventory exists in three forms: raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. In the process of selling inventory, either cash is received or an account receivable is created (INV).
Prepaid Expenses: when cash is used to purchase a good or service, the benefits of which will be realized or received within the current year (12 months).
Fixed 6 Assets: physical assets which have life in excess of one year. This includes land, buildings, machinery 7, equipment, furniture/fixtures, and leasehold 8 improvements (FA).
Net Fixed Assets: Also known as the book value, the net fixed asset is calculated as the purchase price of the asset (gross fixed asset) less the accumulated depreciation 9 (the sum of the annual amounts charged for the "wearing out" of the asset) (NFA).
Notes Receivable: a loan made by the company which is evidenced by a promissory note (N/R).
Intangibles: assets which have no physical properties or "set" values. Examples of intangibles include patents, research and development, and goodwill 10 (INT).
Current Liabilities: what the company "owes" which must be paid within one year (CL).
Note Payable Bank: obligations evidenced by a promissory note from the bank which have maturity 11 dates of less than one year (N/P).
Accounts Payable: amounts due to suppliers who have provided inventory to the company (A/P).
Accruals: obligations owed but not yet billed (ACCR).
Current Portion of Long-Term Debt: the portion of a long-term loan (principal only) which is due within the next 12 months (CDTD).
Long Term Debt: the portion of a term loan which does not have to be paid within the next year.
Subordinated Officer Debt: Cash the officers have invested in the company which is subordinated to any bank financing the company has received.
Net Worth: The owner's investment or "equity 12" in the company which may be either "purchased" or "earned." Purchased equity consists of preferred stock, common stock, and capital surplus. Simply put, the net worth is the difference between the assets and liabilities of a company (NW).
Retained Earnings 13: another term for earned equity; represents the profits of a company which have been reinvested within the business.
Treasury 14 Stock: This is created when the company purchases its own stock from a stockholder.
- They agreed to repay their creditors over a period of three years. 他们同意3年内向债主还清欠款。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- Creditors could obtain a writ for the arrest of their debtors. 债权人可以获得逮捕债务人的令状。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- Some stores inventory their stock once a week.有些商店每周清点存货一次。
- We will need to call on our supplier to get more inventory.我们必须请供应商送来更多存货。
- This check is payable on demand.这是一张见票即付的支票。
- No tax is payable on these earnings.这些收入不须交税。
- The bank has progressively increased its liquidity.银行逐渐地增加其流动资产。
- The demand for and the supply of credit is closely linked to changes in liquidity.信用的供求和流动资金的变化有密切关系。
- Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
- Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。
- Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗？
- Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。
- This paper discusses the land leasehold institution of China in four parts.本文论述了我国的土地批租制度及其改革。
- Absolute title also exists to leasehold land,giving the proprietor a guaranteed valid lease.租借土地也享有绝对所有权，它给予物主一个有担保的有效租借权。
- She can't bear the depreciation of the enemy.她受不了敌人的蹂躏。
- They wrote off 500 for depreciation of machinery.他们注销了500镑作为机器折旧费。
- His heart is full of goodwill to all men.他心里对所有人都充满着爱心。
- We paid ￡10,000 for the shop,and ￡2000 for its goodwill.我们用一万英镑买下了这家商店，两千英镑买下了它的信誉。
- These plants ought to reach maturity after five years.这些植物五年后就该长成了。
- This is the period at which the body attains maturity.这是身体发育成熟的时期。
- They shared the work of the house with equity.他们公平地分担家务。
- To capture his equity,Murphy must either sell or refinance.要获得资产净值，墨菲必须出售或者重新融资。