时间:2018-12-08 作者:英语课 分类:VOA标准英语2012年(六月)


英语课

 



Blended Organic-Conventional Farming Could Feed World


In rural Maryland, an hour-and-a-half drive from Washington, Bill Mason is tilling his fields to plant organic maize 1 and soybeans.


About two-thirds of his 340 hectares are organic, but not all of them. And that bothers some people.


“There are some die-hard organics," Mason says. "They think every organic farmer should not be planting any conventional.”


As both an organic and conventional farmer, Mason sits right in the middle of a long-running debate over how best to feed the world.


Organic vs. conventional


Demand for organic food - produced without artificial fertilizers or pesticides 2 - is growing worldwide, but some experts doubt a growing world population can be fed if farmers don't use these chemicals. 


An April study in Nature found organic farming is 25 percent less productive on average than conventional farming. But while some say we cannot feed the world with organic agriculture, others say we cannot feed the world without it.


Critics of conventional farming say excessive fertilizer use pollutes waterways, kills fish and contributes to climate change. Customers will pay a premium 3 for food produced without pesticides and fertilizers.


But Mason says his organic crops typically do not produce as much. “We are finding that our corn yields are about three-quarters of the yield of a normal conventional crop."


Ecological 4 consequences


With those lower yields, feeding the world organically could require clearing more land for farms. 


“We’ll have to get more land into cultivation 5 to do it that way," says Columbia University soil scientist Pedro Sanchez, "with horrible, negative ecological consequences.”


Experts say deforestation to make way for agriculture is already contributing to climate change and a loss of biodiversity.


And farmers will have nine billion mouths to feed by mid-century, which puts agriculture in a difficult position.


“Right now, we can’t feed 9 billion people with the ways we’re farming, whether it’s conventional or organic,” says U.S. Department of Agriculture researcher Michel Cavigelli.


Working both sides


So experts are working on both sides of the equation. Cavigelli is working to improve the productivity of organic farms using natural fertilizers like chicken manure 6. The trouble, he says, is that often it does not provide enough nutrients 7.


“We need to improve all systems. And so, what’s the best way to do that, both to feed the world’s population but also to do it in the way where we’re not destroying the planet?”


Many of the African farmers Pedro Sanchez has worked with have used synthetic 8 fertilizers to triple their yields, making a huge difference in their food security.


Blended solution


“But as a scientist, I don’t like that as the solution," Sanchez says. "And I will not preach it as the solution. I want to integrate that with organically-produced nutrients.”


Organic nutrients, such as fertilizing 9 cover crops, have worked out for Bill Mason and his conventional-farming neighbors are taking notice.


“I think there’s ideas that we’re using that are carrying over to the conventional world,” Mason says.


So the ideal solution to feeding a world of nine billion might not necessarily be a choice between organic or conventional farming, but rather a blend of both. 




1 maize
n.玉米
  • There's a field planted with maize behind the house.房子后面有一块玉米地。
  • We can grow sorghum or maize on this plot.这块地可以种高粱或玉米。
2 pesticides
n.杀虫剂( pesticide的名词复数 );除害药物
  • vegetables grown without the use of pesticides 未用杀虫剂种植的蔬菜
  • There is a lot of concern over the amount of herbicides and pesticides used in farming. 人们对农业上灭草剂和杀虫剂的用量非常担忧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
3 premium
n.加付款;赠品;adj.高级的;售价高的
  • You have to pay a premium for express delivery.寄快递你得付额外费用。
  • Fresh water was at a premium after the reservoir was contaminated.在水库被污染之后,清水便因稀而贵了。
4 ecological
adj.生态的,生态学的
  • The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
  • Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.
5 cultivation
n.耕作,培养,栽培(法),养成
  • The cultivation in good taste is our main objective.培养高雅情趣是我们的主要目标。
  • The land is not fertile enough to repay cultivation.这块土地不够肥沃,不值得耕种。
6 manure
n.粪,肥,肥粒;vt.施肥
  • The farmers were distributing manure over the field.农民们正在田间施肥。
  • The farmers used manure to keep up the fertility of their land.农夫们用粪保持其土质的肥沃。
7 nutrients
n.(食品或化学品)营养物,营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )
  • a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
  • Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》
8 synthetic
adj.合成的,人工的;综合的;n.人工制品
  • We felt the salesman's synthetic friendliness.我们感觉到那位销售员的虚情假意。
  • It's a synthetic diamond.这是人造钻石。
9 fertilizing
v.施肥( fertilize的现在分词 )
  • Sometimes the preliminary step must be taken of reducing weed population before fertilizing. 有时候,在施肥之前,必须采取减少杂草密度的预备性步骤。 来自辞典例句
  • The self fertilizing garden can also be planted in raised beds. 自我施肥的菜园也可以在苗圃床中种植。 来自互联网
学英语单词
Abdel
acceleration of ripening
additional advance
anecdotically
antiriot ammunition
apical bud
arecaceaes
augelli
average repair
Bankia spengler
bankruptcy administrator
basic lead sulphate
bilge logs
booster inoculation
bored shitless
boringly
chain and sprocket drive
Chalkedon
checking off symbol
CLMW
course-stability
cross rod
Curley
damper segment
declaratory judgments
deflection calculation
delivered free to destination
dietary-supplement
dress in
dust crops with an insecticide
emince
enterouterine anus
equitangential
faralatrioside
farbs
finely divided scale
folia vermis
heavy work
helius (helius) minusculus
Hose Connectors
hyperhomocysteinemic
intermolecular respiration
lava column
lead number
lends out
lenticel(le)
lywallzyme
macnee
magnitude spectrum
master screw
max sth out
mellower
memory error report analysis
movable appendage
naked-flame mine
nickel-vanadium steel
nominal ocular hazard area
oculometry
one pack
ordinary wheel
organizational climate index
over-grateful
over-indulged
overtowered
pattern representation
phenoxathin
phenylphosphine
pick-up attachment
pilot flame burner
pipeline stopcock
plash
pot-holder
preservative substance
pressure admission chamber
pressure of blast
Prohepes
pseudodiploidy
r.d
ramming up
rankine thermometric scale
riborg
righi-leduc effect
roricon
sclenchyma
self-illuminating sight
selfcontradictory
sniper
sousant
Subhanallah
sukhooei
Swap Curve
tahsildars
thermo anelasticity
three stages fluidized-bed dryer
toner concentration
unkissing
unvote
upright drill
visual agnosia
Wiener schnitzel
with a swing in it
worldless