时间:2018-12-08 作者:英语课 分类:VOA标准英语2012年(九月)


英语课

 



Bacterium 1 Targets Untreated HIV-Positive People


Researchers are warning of an emerging form of intestinal 2 disease in sub-Saharan Africa. It’s targeting mostly HIV-infected people, who are not on treatment. The disease kills up to 45 percent of those infected.


The disease can be found in all corners of sub-Saharan Africa, according to Chinyere Okoro of Britain’s Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.


“It’s an invasive disease. It’s a disease that is found in the bloodstream and can invade other internal organs of the patient. It’s caused by a bacterium known as Salmonella Typhimurium. Incidentally, Salmonella Typhimurium in healthy individuals usually results in gastroenteritis, which one of the symptoms will be diarrhea. So, most people would not need extensive treatment or hospitalization of any of that,” she said.


But Salmonella Typhimurium, she said, causes an illness much less like gastroenteritis and more like typhoid in those with compromised immune systems.


“When I mean immune-compromised individuals I mean people whose immune system is compromised by an existing disease. In this case it’s mostly HIV and in children, who are currently infected with [the] malaria 3 parasite 4 or are malnourished,” she said.


Salmonella Typhimurium (Credit: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) 


The disease progresses rapidly and can kill in a matter of days.


Okoro said that people, who are receiving antiretroviral therapy, or ART, for HIV infection, are less likely to become infected with Salmonella Typhimurium.


“With appropriate treatment, the individual’s immune system is not as compromised as would be required for the disease to take hold so to speak. So, if ART is available, we expect to see a reduce rate of transmission and incident rates as a result,” she said.


A DNA 5 analysis of the bacterium shows it first emerged in two waves. The first occurred about 50 years ago in southeastern Africa, and the next about 35 years ago, possibly from the Congo Basin. These are similar to the routes taken by HIV.


Okoro said, at first, it was an opportunist infection attacking HIV-positive people. She says now it has found a home among those not on treatment.


Over the past decade, the disease was initially 6 treated with the antibiotic 7 chloramphenicol. However, the bacterium quickly built up a resistance to the drug. That contributed to the disease’s rapid spread among HIV-positive people.


Okoro said the disease can be treated with newer, more powerful and more expensive antibiotics 8 where available.


“What this analysis actually does show very clearly is how pathogens can emerge rapidly given the right conditions and what needs to be done.”


So, getting more HIV-positive Africans on antiretrovirals could help stem the spread of the intestinal disease. The same holds true for better malaria treatment and nutrition for young children.


The exact route of transmission remains 9 unknown, however. Okoro said, right now, it appears the disease is not spread through the food chain.




1 bacterium
n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌
  • The bacterium possibly goes in the human body by the mouth.细菌可能通过口进入人体。
  • A bacterium is identified as the cause for his duodenal ulcer.一种细菌被断定为造成他十二指肠溃疡的根源。
2 intestinal
adj.肠的;肠壁;肠道细菌
  • A few other conditions are in high intestinal obstruction. 其它少数情况是高位肠梗阻。 来自辞典例句
  • This complication has occasionally occurred following the use of intestinal antiseptics. 这种并发症偶而发生在使用肠道抗菌剂上。 来自辞典例句
3 malaria
n.疟疾
  • He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
  • Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。
4 parasite
n.寄生虫;寄生菌;食客
  • The lazy man was a parasite on his family.那懒汉是家里的寄生虫。
  • I don't want to be a parasite.I must earn my own way in life.我不想做寄生虫,我要自己养活自己。
5 DNA
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
6 initially
adv.最初,开始
  • The ban was initially opposed by the US.这一禁令首先遭到美国的反对。
  • Feathers initially developed from insect scales.羽毛最初由昆虫的翅瓣演化而来。
7 antibiotic
adj.抗菌的;n.抗生素
  • The doctor said that I should take some antibiotic.医生说我应该服些用抗生素。
  • Antibiotic can be used against infection.抗菌素可以用来防止感染。
8 antibiotics
n.(用作复数)抗生素;(用作单数)抗生物质的研究;抗生素,抗菌素( antibiotic的名词复数 )
  • the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
  • The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。
9 remains
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹
  • He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
  • The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
学英语单词
Adriano
alkaligenous
area of job freedom
arts and crafts therapy
aspermatous
avian penumoencephalitis
ballet der leipzig theater
be hoist on one's own petard
biharmonic equation
Biot's respiration
bridal party
bromo-aliphatic compound
brown dry forest soil
capital of Oklahoma
cholesterolerectics
Clara Bow
clear-up cause
contra-type stern
cooler body
copper-zine accumulator
critical path method ( c.p.m.)
cylinder function
dirt-trap
disk type gear milling cutter
dry nurse
Dzerzhinskiy
eccrine hidrocystoma
Ely Seamount
Equilet
evasion of exchange control
expectancy value model
first fit
first party dma
gilpins
hackling machine
hardans
HIPAC
honeyberries
hooktop heng
inspin yaw
instance of court
intercoupled
introsexual
inverted Y type column
jelly-fish
kendall
key-in
laden tanker
landas
latitude by account
leurocolombine
liver wort
load-following operation
loading floor
Maginnis
MARS (multiple aperture reluctance switch)
May games
medium-pressure binder spreader
Meliosma thomsonii
Micronemeae
microvoid
modular multiplication
muscle histology
natural gradation
near-surface density
neighbor note
nidiform
nitrogen conversion facotr
nuisance raid
on call account
ossio
phyllosticta kotoensis
pivoted pad
pomadasyid
randomized procedure
rapid damage assessment
recovery fate
remzi
retention funds
riverside station
saute pork chop
score a hit
shake the credit of
soil treatment
Songkhla L.
spergs
spray rating test
spring fender
stehelins
sulfuric acid aerosol
sullic
tazheranite
terminal fall velocity
terminals
the fair value
thouch
travkin
v.-p.
vaenga
Wiesel, Elie
zambonini
zinc-plated