英语听力—环球英语 1043 World Business Leaders: Jamsetji Tata

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　　Hello and welcome to Spotlight 1. I’m Steve Myersco,
 
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　　And I’m Marina Santee. This programme uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live.
 
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　　“When you must be a leader in actions and ideas... When you must lead in a direction that does not fit with common opinion... That takes true courage. It is this kind of courage and imagination that Jamsetji Tata showed.”
 
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　　This is the way Pandit Nehru described Jamsejji Tata. Nehru was the was the first prime 2 minister of India. And he was talking about a man who changed the history of India. Jamsetji Tata started the great Indian industrial group that still has his name, Tata. The company is huge today with many different kinds of business. By building this company, Jamsetji Tata helped to make India a strong industrial nation.
 
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　　Today’s Spotlight is all about the man that people called “the father of Indian industry”. It is one of a short series of Spotlight programmes about world business leaders.
 
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　　Jamsetji Tata was born in 1839. He was born in the town of Navsari in Gujurat. Jamsetji’s father was a wealthy man. He was a merchant banker, lending money for trade. The young Jamsetji studied at Elphinstone College in Bombay. He was a very good student. When he reached the age of twenty, he was ready to work in his father’s bank.
 
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　　Tata learned 3 fast. He travelled to Hong Kong and China. He helped his father to set up trade deals in England. At the age of twenty-nine he set up his own trading company. The profits from this company were the start of his success in industry.
 
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　　At this time India was part of the British Empire. The Empire was ruled by Queen Victoria. The British enjoyed the riches of India. Tata felt strongly that this was wrong. But he did not believe in fighting wars for independence. He believed that India had to build up its own industry or it would never be truly independent. He used to say, ‘Let the Indian learn to do things for himself.’
 
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　　The first business he was involved with was cotton. He learned about the cotton mills 5 in England. These factories were making cloth. He thought that workers in India could do the same job at a lower cost. So he started a cotton mill 4 in Bombay. Then he started a much larger one, the Empress Mills, in Nagpur. In 1886, he opened a factory in Bombay called the Svadeshi Mill. The name means ‘local products for local people.’ In India, the name represented the desire of Indians to have their own industries.
 
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　　Tata believed that India needed to become strong in three main areas. These areas were scientific knowledge, electric power and steel making. He devoted 6 the rest of his life to these three things. He travelled to the United States, Germany and Japan. He learned about the progress of industry in these countries. He established the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. This was a place for teaching 7 the newest methods in science and engineering 8. It was the first of many similar places of learning 9 that opened in India in the twentieth century.
 
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　　One of the things that was different about Tata’s companies was the way he managed them. He did not like the traditional idea of a family business. At the Empress Mills in Nagpur, he tried a new management structure. He had a managing director. He also had a board of directors. This group of people were responsible for the managing director. The idea of spreading power down an organisation 10 is known as delegation 11. Delegation helps good managers to develop and improve.
 
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　　Like many rich businessmen, Tata spent time thinking about what it means to have great wealth. He did not feel any shame about his wealth. He supported and encouraged the rights of people who create wealth. But he also believed that serving the community was the main purpose of a business. He gave money to many projects to help the poor. Once, there was a terrible sickness in Bombay. It was the bubonic plague 12. Tata supported the work of a Russian doctor in making vaccines 13. These vaccines protected people from infection. And Tata gave money to a Christian 14 group, the Salvation 15 Army. They worked with poor women and prisoners in Bombay.
 
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　　Tata did not favour one religion over another. For example he wrote to his son giving some rules for the building of a town for his workers. That town is Jamshedpur. It still stands today. Tata wrote that the town should be a beautiful place for people of all religions to share.
 
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　　“Plant every kind of quick-growing trees. Be sure that there is plenty of space for grass and flowers. Set aside large areas for sport, such as football and hockey. And give land for the building of mosques 16, Hindu temples and Christian churches.”
 
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　　Some of Tata’s dreams did not come true until after his death in 1904. In 1910 the Tata company built a large electricity generator 17 near Bombay. It used water power to supply electricity to the cotton mills of Bombay. And soon after his death, Jamsetji’s sons set up the Tata Iron and Steel company. By the time of the Second World War it had become the largest steel company in the British Commonwealth 18.
 
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　　Today Tata is a huge international group of companies. It contains many different businesses. These include a steel company, a car company, a tea company, and many more. The Tata Group is now worth about 60 billion dollars. It employs over 300,000 people.
 
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　　However Jamsetji Tata’s influence remains 19 in the Tata company today. The company says that it spends about thirty percent of its profit each year on community projects. And Tata still supports teaching and research. We will end this Spotlight programme with the words of JRD Tata. JRD Tata led the business for over fifty years from 1938. He said:
 
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　　“The wealth gathered by Jamsetji Tata and his sons is only a small part of the amount by which they enriched 20 the nation. The whole of that wealth is held in trust for the people. The wealth is used only to help the people. The circle is therefore complete; what came from the people has gone back to the people many times over.”
 
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　　This writers of the programme were Peter Laverock and Steve Myersco. The producer was Steve Myersco. The voices you heard were from the United Kingdom and the United States. You can hear more Spotlight programmes on our website at http://www.radio.english.net The p.rogramme is called ‘World Business Leaders: Jamsetji Tata.’ Remember to listen out for more programmes in this series. Thank you for listening. Goodbye.