万物简史 第519期:丰富多彩的生命(15)
英语课
Genus (pluralgenera) and species had been employed by naturalists 1 for over a hundred years before Linnaeus, “属”和“种”，博物学家们在林奈之前已经使用了100多年；
and order, class, and family in their biological senses all came into use in the 1750s and 1760s. 在18世纪50-60年代，生物学意义上的“目”、“纲”和“科”开始使用；
But phylum wasn't coined until 1876 (by the German Ernst Haeckel), 而“门”是l876年才（由德国人海克尔）创造出来的；
and family and order were treated as interchangeable until early in the twentieth century. 直到20世纪初，“科”和“目”一直被认为可以替换使用。
For a time zoologists 2 used family where botanists 3 placed order, to the occasional confusion of nearly everyone. 植物学家使用“目”的地方，动物学家一度使用“科”，有时候几乎把大家搞得很糊涂。
(To illustrate 4, humans are in the domain 5 eucarya, in the kingdom animalia, in the phylum chordata, （比如，人类属于真核细胞域，动物界，脊索动物门，
in the subphylum vertebrata, in the class mammalia, in the order primates 6, in the family hominidae, in the genus homo, in the species sapiens. 节肢动物亚门，哺乳动物纲，灵长动物目，人科，人属，智人种。
Some taxonomists employ further subdivisions: tribe, suborder, infraorder, parvorder, and more.) 有的分类学家还要细分：族、亚目、小目和下目。）
Linnaeus had divided the animal world into six categories: 林奈曾把动物界分为六类：
mammals, reptiles 7, birds, fishes, insects, and "vermes," or worms, for everything that didn't fit into the first five. 哺乳动物类、爬行动物类、鸟类、鱼类、昆虫类和蠕虫类，凡是不能放在前五类的都放在第六类。
From the outset it was evident that putting lobsters 8 and shrimp 9 into the same category as worms was unsatisfactory, 从一开始就很明显，把龙虾和小虾都放在蠕虫类是不能令人满意的，
and various new categories such as Mollusca and Crustacea were created. 于是就创建了许多新的种类，如软体动物类和甲壳动物类。
Unfortunately these new classifications were not uniformly applied 10 from nation to nation. 不幸的是，这种新的分类在各国用得很不统一。
n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者
- Naturalists differ much in determining what characters are of generic value. 自然学者对于不同性状决定生物的属的含义上，各有各的见解。 来自辞典例句
- This fact has led naturalists to believe that the Isthmus was formerly open. 使许多自然学者相信这个地蛱在以前原是开通的。 来自辞典例句
动物学家( zoologist的名词复数 )
- Zoologists refer barnacles to Crustanceans. 动物学家把螺蛳归入甲壳类。
- It is now a source of growing interest for chemists and zoologists as well. 它现在也是化学家和动物学家愈感兴趣的一个所在。
n.植物学家，研究植物的人( botanist的名词复数 )
- Botanists had some difficulty categorizing the newly found plant. 植物学家们不大容易确定这种新发现的植物的种类。 来自辞典例句
- Botanists refer this flower to the rose family. 植物学家将这花归入蔷薇科。 来自辞典例句
v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图
- The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
- This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。
n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围
- This information should be in the public domain.这一消息应该为公众所知。
- This question comes into the domain of philosophy.这一问题属于哲学范畴。
primate的复数
- Primates are alert, inquisitive animals. 灵长目动物是机灵、好奇的动物。
- Consciousness or cerebration has been said to have emerged in the evolution of higher primates. 据说意识或思考在较高级灵长类的进化中已出现。
n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 )
- Snakes and crocodiles are both reptiles. 蛇和鳄鱼都是爬行动物。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- Birds, reptiles and insects come from eggs. 鸟类、爬虫及昆虫是卵生的。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
龙虾( lobster的名词复数 )； 龙虾肉
- I have no idea about how to prepare those cuttlefish and lobsters. 我对如何烹调那些乌贼和龙虾毫无概念。
- She sold me a couple of live lobsters. 她卖了几只活龙虾给我。
n.虾，小虾；矮小的人
- When the shrimp farm is built it will block the stream.一旦养虾场建起来，将会截断这条河流。
- When it comes to seafood,I like shrimp the best.说到海鲜，我最喜欢虾。
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