英语听力—环球英语 1136 Fear
时间:2019-02-21 作者:英语课 分类:环球英语 Spotlight
英语课
Voice 1
Welcome to Spotlight 1. I’m Robin 2 Basselin
Voice 2
And I’m Ryan Geertsma. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live.
Voice 1
What makes you afraid? Do you fear the dark? Or do you fear being in small places? These are common fears. However, people have many different fears.
Voice 2
And fear is a difficult emotion. Fear can control a person’s life. However, there are also many ways that people can control their fear. Today’s Spotlight is about dealing 3 with fear.
Voice 1
What happens to our bodies when we are afraid? To help answer that question, let us imagine a woman named Mary.
Voice 2
Mary is afraid of riding in cars. She is afraid because she was once involved in a bad car accident. When Mary gets into a car, she begins to sweat 4. Her skin becomes wet and she feels hot. Her heart begins to beat quickly. Her whole body feels tense.
Voice 1
This physical reaction to fear is called the “fight or flight” response. When you are afraid, your body prepares itself in one of two ways. Either it prepares to fight what is making you afraid. Or it prepares for flight - to run away from what is making you afraid.
Voice 2
Many things are happening in the brain during this “fight or flight” response. Scientists think that fear is processed through a place in our brain called the amygdala. The amygdala decides whether a situation is safe or unsafe.
Voice 1
In Mary’s case, her amygdala decides that riding in a car is unsafe. It then releases 5 a chemical called cortisol into Mary’s body. This chemical brings Mary’s “fight or flight” response. It causes Mary’s sweating 6, increased heart rate and tense body.
Voice 2
Often, fears are strongly linked to memory. We remember a bad experience and become afraid. In this way, we have learned 7 to be afraid.
Voice 1
One scientific study tested this process and a possible way negative memories can be removed. In the study, scientists taught small animals, called mice, to be afraid of a particular place. When the mice entered the particular area, the scientists gave the mice an electric shock. This even produced a negative memory for the mice. They became afraid of the area where the shock happened.
Voice 2
Once the mice were afraid, the scientists began their research. The scientists began giving the mice a chemical called CamKII. This chemical removed the mice’s memory of the negative experience. The mice’s fear of the area where they received the shock was completely 8 gone.
Voice 1
Scientists hope that one day they will be able to use the chemical with people. It may help people who have had a difficult experience that now makes them afraid. It could be used with soldiers who have negative memories of war or with victims 10 of violence 11.
Voice 2
But many people are concerned about completely removing negative memories which cause fear. One reason for their concern is the issue 12 of truth. If a person forgets about a difficult experience, they may come to believe something which is untrue 13 instead. For example, if a victim 9 of violence forgets about her experience, she may come to believe the person who attacked her is safe.
Voice 1
After a community has a terrible experience, they often promise they will not forget what happened. Their promise is to remember and learn from the difficulty 14. They promise to learn and become better people. If we remove people’s memories about terrible events, we may also remove their chance to learn from the experience.
Voice 2
People are also concerned that forgetting difficult events would make forgiveness impossible. A part of forgiveness is choosing to defeat the negative memories we have about someone hurting us. If we do not remember a negative event, can we truly forgive the other person involved?
Voice 1
Daniela Schiller is a scientist that studies fear. She is also concerned about completely removing memories. So, instead of removing fearful 15 memories, Schiller studied ways to change a person’s emotional 16 reaction to a fearful memory. Her study about fear used people. The scientists taught people to be afraid of a yellow square. Whenever the person saw the yellow square, they received an electric shock - just like the mice in the other study.
Voice 2
After the scientists taught the people to be afraid, the scientists sent them home. Then, the next day, the same people came back to the testing location 17. Now the scientists worked to help the people unlearn their fear. They called this process “extinction training”.
Voice 1
The “extinction training” began with scientists showing each person the yellow square again. This made the person remember the negative experience and they were fearful. However, this time, they were not given a shock. The scientists repeated this process many times, without shocking 18 the people.
Voice 2
This “extinction training” changed the emotions connected to the negative memory. The study showed that by experiencing a different emotion with a negative memory, we can stop being afraid of a situation.
Let us think back to Mary. To help Mary stop being afraid of riding in a car, scientists might try two things.
Voice 1
The scientists who worked on the first study in today’s program might try to remove Mary’s memory about the car accident with medication. After using the medication, she would no longer be able to remember what happened. Therefore, she would no longer be afraid of riding in cars.
Voice 2
The scientists who worked on the second study might help Mary replace the fear she feels when she gets into a car. They would have her remember the car accident. This would cause her again to feel fear. Then, they would have her take several good trips in a car. These safe experiences would replace Mary’s fearful memory of cars. She would still remember the car accident. But, she would not feel the same fear that she used to.
Voice 1
Fear is a very powerful 19 emotion. A lot of fear can make it difficult to live a normal life. But there is much we can learn from the experiences which cause fear. Defeating a difficult experience can make a person stronger than they were before the experience. A community can listen to those like soldiers or victims of violence who struggle with fear. By hearing about their negative experiences and their fear, the community may become more careful about going to war. They may become more careful to protect one another from violence.
Voice 2
So what do you think about dealing with fear? Should bad memories be completely removed from a person’s memory? How do you deal with fear and negative memories? Have you learned from a negative experience? We would love to hear your thoughts. You can e-mail us at radio@english.net.
Voice 1
The writer of this program was Sarah Kidd. The producers were Josh DeGroot and Mark Drenth. The voices you heard were from the United 20 States. All quotes 21 were adapted and voiced by Spotlight. You can find this program and others on our website http://www.radio.english.net This .program is called “Fear”. We hope you can join us for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye!
n.公众注意的中心,聚光灯,探照灯,视听,注意,醒目
- This week the spotlight is on the world of fashion.本周引人瞩目的是时装界。
- The spotlight followed her round the stage.聚光灯的光圈随着她在舞台上转。
n.知更鸟,红襟鸟
- The robin is the messenger of spring.知更鸟是报春的使者。
- We knew spring was coming as we had seen a robin.我们看见了一只知更鸟,知道春天要到了。
n.经商方法,待人态度
- This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
- His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
n.汗,汗水,水珠,焦急;vi.出汗,渗出,冒出水气,结水珠,烦恼,懊恼;vt.使出汗,流出,榨出,使汗流浃背
- She was all of a sweat.她一身大汗。
- She is always all of a sweat before the exam.她临考前总是急得不得了。
v.释放( release的第三人称单数 );放开;发布;发行
- Nuclear fission releases tremendous amounts of energy. 核裂变释放出巨大的能量。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
- Zemel says that when calcium levels are low, the body releases a hormone that helps squeeze the most out of every available milligram of the mineral. 泽莫尔博士说,当人体中的钙含量偏低时,身体里就会产生一种荷尔蒙,它能帮助肌体最大限度地吸收所摄入的钙。 来自《简明英汉词典》
n.发汗v.(使)出汗( sweat的现在分词 );(使)流汗;(使)发汗;焖
- We were sweating profusely from the exertion of moving the furniture. 我们搬动家具大费气力,累得大汗淋漓。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- When the spasm passed, it left him weak and sweating. 一阵痉挛之后,他虚弱无力,一直冒汗。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adj.有学问的,博学的;learn的过去式和过去分词
- He went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
- In this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里,他被视为有学问的人。
adv.完全地,十分地,全然
- She never completely gave up hope.她从不完全放弃希望。
- I feel completely in the dark on this question.这件事使我感到茫然。
n.受害人,牺牲者,牺牲品
- What is your relationship with the victim?您与受害人的关系?
- The victim was found lying dead on the river bank.发现被害人倒毙于河岸。
n.牺牲者( victim的名词复数 );牺牲品;受骗者;为祭祀杀死的动物(或人)
- Many charities sent money to help the victims of the famine. 许多慈善机构捐款赈济饥民。
- victims of child abuse 受虐待的儿童
n.暴力,暴虐,暴行,猛烈,强烈,强暴
- It was an absolutely senseless act of violence.这是毫无意义的暴力行为。
- They attacked with violence.他们猛烈攻击。
n.出版,发行,(报刊等)期、号,论点,问题,结果, (水,血等的)流出;vt.使流出,放出,发行(钞票等),发布(命令),出版(书等)发给;vi.发行,流出,造成...结果,进行辩护,传下
- I bought the book the day after its issue.这书出版后的第一天,我就去买了它。
- I'll support her down the line on that issue.在那个问题上我将全力支持她。
adj.不正确的,不忠实的
- That is an untrue story.那是一个不真实的故事。
- The newspaper printed a denial of the untrue story.报社刊登了否认不实消息的声明。
n.困难,费劲;难事,难题;麻烦,困境
- If there is any difficulty,please let us know promptly.倘有困难,请迅速通知我们。
- A little difficulty like this is nothing to us.这点困难算不了什么。
adj.惧怕的,担心的;可怕的,吓人的
- What a fearful waste of time!简直太浪费时间了!
- They are fearful of another business depression.他们担心会再次发生商业萧条。
adj.令人动情的;易动感情的;感情(上)的
- Emotional people don't stop to calculate.感情容易冲动的人做事往往不加考虑。
- This is an emotional scene in the play.这是剧中动人的一幕。
n.地点,位置,定位
- It is a suitable location for a new school.那是建一所新学校的合适地点。
- I have to find a convenient location for the shelves.我得找一合适的地方放这些书架。
adj.令人气愤的;令人震惊的
- His attitude was shocking to her.他的态度令她感到震惊。
- Such behaviour is really shocking.这种行为真不像话。
adj.有力的,有权力的,强大的
- The UN began to get more and more powerful.联合国开始变得越来越强大了。
- Such are the most powerful voices of our times!这些就是我们时代的最有力的声音!
adj.和谐的;团结的;联合的,统一的
- The whole nation is closely united.全国人民紧密团结。
- The two men were united by community of interests.共同的利益使两个人结合在一起。