英语听力—环球英语 1108 First Aid: Choking

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　　Welcome to Spotlight 1. I’m Liz Waid.
 
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　　And I’m Joshua Leo. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand - no matter where in the world they live.
 
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　　Do you know what to do when someone has an accident? Do you know how to help them? When there is an emergency, people need help quickly. Treating a hurt person quickly is called first aid. First aid does not require expert medical help – anyone can learn first aid. Today’s Spotlight is the first program in a series 2 on first aid. In these programs, we will give you information about first aid. How can you help in an emergency?
 
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　　Imagine you are sitting with a friend. You are eating dinner together. Suddenly, your friend begins to cough. His face turns red. He cannot breathe.  He is choking 3 on his food! What would you do?
 
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　　At some time you have probably experienced 4 choking. You swallow some food. It feels like it has ‘gone down the wrong way.’ It has not travelled down the food tube 5. It has travelled down the windpipe. It becomes difficult to breathe. You start to choke 6. But then, you cough. And the piece of food comes up out of the windpipe. You can breathe again.
 
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　　But it is not always this easy. Sometimes the food does not come back up. Sometimes a person continues to choke. A person with a blocked windpipe can die in only three or four minutes. So what do you do when your friend begins choking?
 
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　　The first step of any first aid is to call for medical help. Some countries have an emergency phone number. Loudly ask someone to call this number. Or ask someone to go and get the medical expert in your area. Then, you can help your friend who is choking.
 
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　　If your friend cannot cough up the food, he needs your help. Encourage him to bend forward at the waist 7. Then, hit him on the back, between the shoulders. Use the bottom of your hand. Use sharp firm hits. Stop after each hit to see if it has worked. Try this for up to five times.
 
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　　If this fails, stand behind your friend. Place your arms around the top of his stomach. Close one hand into a ball shape. Make your thumb point upwards 8. Hold your ball shaped hand with your other hand. Then, pull both hands towards you. Do this upwards and inwards. Use quick strong movements, like you are lifting your friend. You are trying to push the upper stomach against the bottom of the lungs. This is to push out the remaining air - using it to force out the food. Look in your friend’s mouth. See if the food has come out. If not, do this again - for up to five times.  This is called the Heimlich maneuver 9.
 
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　　If this fails, combine the hits and the stomach pushes. Hit your friend on the back five times, and then push his stomach five times. Do this up to three times. If your friend does not cough out the food, call again for medical help.
 
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　　Children often choke on small objects. Young children are always putting things into their mouths. Also, a child’s windpipe is much smaller than an adult’s windpipe. It is easier for a child to choke. For example, a child cannot take medicine in small hard pills or tablets 10. An adult can swallow this medicine easily. But a child may choke. Children should take only liquid medicine. Or, if only pills are available, they can be crushed 11 and mixed with clean water.
 
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　　If a child is choking, you can do first aid. But you need to be gentle. It is easy to damage a child’s body. Use only one hand when pushing their stomach up. Do not hit the child’s back.
 
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　　If a baby is choking you need to be even more careful. Babies are any child younger than one year old. If a baby is choking you must first sit down. Hold the baby so that she is lying along your arm. Her face should be down, on your hand. Rest your arm on your leg. Support her head and chest 12. Then, gently but firmly hit the baby between the shoulders. Use the bottom of your hand.
 
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　　If this does not work, turn the baby over. She should still be lying along your arm. Her head needs to be lower 13 than her chest. Feel for her breastbone, where her rib 14 bones come together on her chest. Use only two fingers, and press gently but firmly on the center of the breastbone. Press five times, quickly. If this does not work, repeat these actions three times. Then get medical help.
 
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　　Sueanne is sixty years old. One Saturday she was looking after her ten month old grandson, Robert. Robert was learning 15 how to walk. Usually, Sueanne watched him all the time. She was very careful, so that he did not hurt himself. But that day, the telephone rang. [sfx] Sueanne went to answer it. She was only away for a minute. But in that minute, Robert found a toy for playing - his older brother’s small car. Robert pulled the wheel off the car. And he swallowed the wheel.
 
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　　The wheel became trapped 16 in his windpipe. When Sueanne went back to Robert, he was choking. Robert could not breathe. He was turning a blue grey colour. He was not getting enough air. Sueanne knew that she had to do something quickly. She knew that, without help, he could die. She sat Robert on her knee. Gently, she hit his back. On the fifth hit, the wheel came out of his mouth. It landed on the floor. Seconds later, Robert was breathing normally 17 again. Sueanne said,
 
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　　“It was the most terrible experience of my life. I knew that Robert was dying 18 in front of me. He could not breathe. But my first aid training helped me. I acted as the experts had trained me to do - and it worked. I think that everyone should know first aid. It is so simple to learn. But it can save lives. You never know when you are going to need it.”
 
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　　There are many different kinds of accidents. Each of them needs different first aid help. The right, quick, action can save a person’s life.
 
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　　In another programme we will look at first aid for some other injuries and accidents. If you are interested in first aid, you can learn more. Ask your local doctor or hospital where you can train in first aid. You never know - you could save a life.
 
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　　The writers of this program were Marina Santee and Elizabeth Lickiss. The producer was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the United 19 States and the United Kingdom. All quotes 20 were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at http://www.radioenglish.net This .program is called, ‘First Aid - Choking’.
 
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　　We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.