美国学生人类历史第59期:古希腊的戏剧(3)-英语课

时间：2019-02-21 作者：英语课 分类：美国学生人类历史

英语课

　　This individual was allowed to step out of line. He waved his arms and gesticulated while he spoke 1 (that is to say he "acted" while the others merely stood by and sang) and he asked a lot of questions, which the bandmaster answered according to the roll of papyrus 3 upon which the poet had written down these answers before the show began.

　　这位合唱队队员获得了离开行列的特权，他一边说话，一般挥舞双臂，做出种种手势（这意味着，当别的人站在一旁唱颂的时候，他却是在"表演"）。他大声问出许多问题，乐队领队则根据诗人事先写在纸莎草纸上的答案，-一予以回答。
　　This rough and ready conversation-the dialogue-which told the story of Dionysos or one of the other Gods, became at once popular with the crowd. Henceforth every Dionysian procession had an "acted scene" and very soon the "acting 4" was considered more important than the procession and the meh-mehing.
　　这一粗糙且事先准备好的谈话，就是戏剧里"对白"的前身。它通常是讲述酒神狄俄尼索斯或其他某个神的故事。这种新颖形式一出现，立刻大受群众的欢迎。由此，每一个酒神游行仪式里，便都有了这样一段"表演场面"。过了没多久，"表演"变得比游行本身以及咩咩合唱更重要了。
　　Aeschylus, the most successful of all "tragedians" who wrote no less than eighty plays during his long life (from 526 to 455) made a bold step forward when he introduced two "actors" instead of one. A generation later Sophocles increased the number of actors to three. When Euripides began to write his terrible tragedies in the middle of the fifth century, B.C., he was allowed as many actors as he liked and when Aristophanes wrote those famous comedies in which he poked 5 fun at everybody and everything, including the Gods of Mount Olympus, the chorus had been reduced to the r?le of mere 2 by-standers who were lined up behind the principal performers and who sang "this is a terrible world" while the hero in the foreground committed a crime against the will of the Gods.
　　埃斯库罗斯"是古希腊最成功的"悲剧家"，在其漫长的一生里（公元前526－455年），他写了大约80部悲剧。他做过一个大胆的创新，为合唱表演引入两名"演员"来取代原来的一名"演员"。其后，京福克勒斯"把演员的数量增为三人。公元前5世纪中期，当欧里庇德斯"开始创作他那些让人毛骨悚然的悲剧时，他开始视剧情需要使用演员，想用多少便用多少。当阿里斯托芬写作他嘲笑所有人、所有事。甚至奥林匹斯山众神的著名喜剧时，合唱队已经被降到旁观者的地位。他们列队站在主要角色的身后，当前台的英雄犯下了违反神意的罪行时，他们便齐声高唱，"啊，这是个何等恐怖的世界！"

1 spoke

n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说