英语听力精选进阶版 6405

Luis Prado has created what he hopes will become the international symbol for global warming. He's one of many designers contributing icons 2 to an online bank of icons called the Noun Project.The creators of the Noun Project think it could one day contain an icon 1 for every noun, which is a tall order.

But we are already surrounded by icons in the modern world. Pictorial 3 instructions appear on everything from instant noodles to emergency exits. And of course, modern computers and smartphones are unthinkable without a screenful of icons.

It's hard to imagine now, but early computers didn't have them. They used 'command line interfaces': lines of written commands scrolling 4 down the screen. The virtual desktop 5 with icons we know today was created by Xerox 6 in the 1970s. They established conventions we still use: a document was symbolised by a blank sheet of paper with one corner folded, a directory was a card folder 7 with a tab on top, a picture of a trash can meant 'delete' and a closed envelope indicated an unread email.

As technology improved, it was possible to move away from the early, simple black and white signs to full colour and more realistic images. But we still love the simple when it comes to icons. All the designs on the Noun Project site are clean black and white line drawings, and there are nostalgic fan sites dedicated 8 to old-school computer icons from the 70s and 80s.

But things are harder for designers today. Modern devices have many functions and require more icons, making it harder to avoid confusion. Take the arrow. It's an old and well-used symbol but in a modern operating system, an arrow can mean drop down menu, undo 9, redo, sort, cursor, play video, change text direction and move to next item - to name just a few uses.

It's clear we need icons more than ever. So what makes a successful one? As well as simple lines and unique shape, an icon needs to be universal, so plays on words don't work well. An early Apple icon of a cat meaning copy (from the English 'copycat') was soon dropped because it was confusing to non-English speakers. But it might be impossible to be truly international. Most computers indicate time passing from left to right, with the past on the left and the future on the right. That's logical for English speakers, but not for people who write right to left like Arabic speakers.

Quiz 测验

1. According to the article, which company introduced the virtual desktop and icons?

Xerox.

2. Is the following statement true, false or not given? Computer icons were introduced in the 1960s.

False. They were introduced in the 1970s.

3. Were the first computer icons in colour?

They were black and white.

4. Name one example from the article, of a place where you see pictorial instructions.

Instant noodles or emergency exits.

5. According to the article, do icons which are a play on words work well?

No, because they aren't internationally understood.

Glossary 词汇表

symbol for 某物的象征

icons 图标

bank 库（如数据等）

a tall order 一项艰巨的任务

pictorial instructions 图片说明

a screenful of 满屏的，整屏的

commands （计算机）指令

scrolling down 向下滚动

virtual desktop 虚拟桌面

established conventions 既定惯例

symbolised by 被…代表

indicated 标示出

realistic images 逼真的图像

line drawings 线条画

nostalgic 怀旧的

functions 功能

confusion 疑惑 ，困惑

operating system 操作系统

to name just a few 仅举几个例子

universal 全球（通用） 的

logical 有逻辑的