2014考研英语指导（一）：如何全面突破

 　　第一节：宏观把握

　　Well begun is half done.
　　一.单词记忆方法
　　1.遗忘发生的规律：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线图
　　2.遗忘的原因：干扰(interference)还是消退(decay)?
　　前摄抑制与倒摄抑制
　　3.及时复习记忆单词
　　4.考前突击背单词：黑白记忆法
　　5.利用构词法提高记忆效率
　　6.少食多餐
　　7.联想记忆
　　8.过度学习
　　Nothing succeeds like success.
　　二.单词的辐射作用
　　1.单词在阅读中的作用
　　Example 1 (2002)
　　If you are part of the group
　　which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible 1 canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging 2 remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats 3 like the Post Office or the telephone system.
　　53. It can be inferred from the text that public services__________
　　[A] have benefited many people.
　　[B] are the focus of public attention.
　　[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor.
　　[D] have often been the laughing stock
　　Example 2 (1997)
　　At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.
　　64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
　　[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.
　　[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.
　　[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.
　　[D] Steve Ross in no longer alive.
　　Example 3 (1999)
　　How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
　　68. The author asserts that scientists __________.
　　[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought
　　[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
　　[C] should write more concise 4 reports for technical journals
　　[D] should be confident about their research findings
　　Example 4 (2003)
　　Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation 5 as well.
　　The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential 6. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin 7, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.
　　Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.
　　Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.
　　Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. (396)
　　51.The emergence 8 of the Net has __________
　　[A] received support from fans like Donovan.
　　[B] remolded the intelligence services.
　　[C] restored many common pastimes.
　　[D] revived spying as a profession.
　　53.The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means __________
　　[A] causing the biggest trouble.
　　[B] exerting the greatest effort.
　　[C] achieving the greatest success.
　　[D] enjoying the widest popularity.
　　54.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that __________
　　[A] Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
　　[B] Straiford guarantees the truthfulness 9 of its information.
　　[C] Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability.
　　[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.
　　55.Straitford is most proud of its __________
　　[A] official status.
　　[B] nonconformist image.
　　[C] efficient staff.
　　[D] military background.
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