英语听力—环球英语 1190 Too Much Noise

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　　Welcome to Spotlight 1. I’m Liz Waid.
 
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　　And I’m Nick Page. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand, no matter where in the world they live.
 
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　　Through history composers have created many beautiful pieces of music like this. In fact, many composers have become famous for their ability to create music. But, does music even need a composer? Or can music begin in a completely different way? Does music need a person to write it? Or can a computer make music?
 
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　　These are some of the questions two researchers wanted to answer. These researchers are Armand Leroi and Doctor Bob MacCallum. Both teach at Imperial 2 College London. Both are interested in how the natural world changes, or evolves 4.
 
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　　When something evolves, it changes and improves itself. Often, these changes happen over a long period of time. The changes pass from one generation to the next - from parent to a child, to that child’s child, and so on.
 
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　　But Leroi and MacCallum believe that many parts of human culture also evolve 3. This includes changes in language, art, and music. Leroi told the BBC:
 
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　　“People do not often think that music evolves. But everybody knows music has a history and it has traditions. But if you think about it, it really has evolved 6. It continues to change.”
 
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　　So Leroi and MacCallum built a system to test their idea. Their system is a computer called DarwinTunes. DarwinTunes is named after the famous scientist Charles Darwin. He is most famous for his theory of evolution called natural selection 7. A simple way to describe Darwin’s Theory of natural selection is: “the strongest survive”. Strong living things will continue to survive. But weaker living things will disappear. Using these ideas, Leroi and MacCallum built DarwinTunes.
 
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　　In the beginning, the computer created two short loops 9, or pieces, of sound. The loops were eight seconds long. The sounds were completely random 10. That is, each note or place of the note was by chance. Doctor MacCallum described the process to the BBC.
 
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　　“The notes are in any place, in any order. And the kind of sound - the instrument - is also completely random.”
 
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　　Here is what these first kinds of loops sounded like:
 
　　After these loops were created, they had babies! DarwinTunes mated the two loops. The program used a complex method to combine and mix the loops. The program took some parts from each loop 8. Then it used these parts to create four completely new loops. Each new loop contained some parts of each original loop.
 
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　　But there is another thing that also happens in nature – mutations. This is a random change in the genes 13 of the child. So, the child may develop a gene 5 that is not present in either parent. DarwinTunes also copied this process from Darwin’s Theory. Sometimes the program added a small mutation 12 to the next generation of loops.
 
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　　The next step was for the four new loops to mate 11. That process created 16 new loops. DarwinTunes continued mating loops until it had produced 100 different loops.
 
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　　Now it was time to start natural selection. Leroi and MacCallum invited people to rate the loops. These volunteers could visit the DarwinTunes website. There, a volunteer listened to 20 loops. Each volunteer rated each loop on how much he liked it or did not like it. About 7,000 volunteers took part in rating 14 the loops of music.
 
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　　DarwinTunes used the loops people liked the most. They mated these loops to make more loops. The new loops replaced their parent loops and the loops people did not like. Doctor MacCallum described this process to the BBC:
 
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　　“In the beginning, the loops were horrible. But sometimes, one was a little less horrible than the others. So, the volunteer would give that loop a higher rating. Then that loop and a few others that were also not quite as horrible would go forward. They would produce new loops. And then, as evolution continues, the music does get better.”
 
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　　DarwinTunes repeated this process again and again. Every new set of loops was a new generation. After a few hundred generations, the very bad sounding loops disappeared. The loops began to sound better and better. Here is what the loops sounded like at 150 generations:
 
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　　Now here is what the loops sounded like at 1,700 generations.
 
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　　But the researchers discovered that the loops really started to sound like REAL music after about 2,500 generations.
 
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　　And at about 3,000 generations, something very interesting and amazing happened! Doctor MacCallum told the BBC:
 
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　　“After about 3,000 generations, there starts to be a kick drum or a bass 15 drum. That just came out of nowhere. We did not put any drum sounds into the computer program.”
 
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　　The DarwinTunes project is not finished. Today it has produced more than 3,600 generations. The experiment HAS answered one of Leroi and MacCallum’s questions. DarwinTunes WAS able to create music without a composer. But the question now is – can a computer make very GOOD music? Leroi offered his opinion to the BBC.
 
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　　“I have no doubt. If we continued this experiment for longer we could evolve wonderful music. But we would need bigger, faster computers, and millions of people instead of thousands. And we would need to continue the experiment for years instead of months. Would it be music as good as the composer Mozart’s? No, I do not think so. It would have no composer writing it. It would not be the act of any person with great musical ability. Instead, it would be the people’s music in its purest form.”
 
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　　What do you think? Can a computer ever replace the creative abilities of people? What do you think of the loops from DarwinTunes? The samples of DarwinTunes music in this program came from the DarwinTunes website. You can find a link to the DarwinTunes website on the script 16 page of this program. There, you can also hear more samples of DarwinTunes loops, and even take part in rating new loops.
 
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　　The writer and producer of this program was Liz Waid. The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom. All quotes were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again on the internet at http://www.radioenglish.net This .program is called, ‘The Future of Music?’
 
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　　We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.