VOA标准英语2009年-Scientists Unearth Earliest Pre-Human Skel

By Jessica Berman
Washington
02 October 2009

Anthropologists from around the world have added another million or so years to the history of human evolution. Scientists say the latest fossil find - while not a direct ancestor of modern humans, may offer new insights into the primate 1 family tree. 

 
Probable life appearance of anterior 2 view of Ardipithecus ramidus "Ardi", ARA-VP 6/500
At 4.4 million years of age, Ardipithecus ramidus, which scientists have nicknamed Ardi, is now the oldest skeleton of a human ancestor since the discovery of Lucy, the 3.2 million-year-old female hominid skeleton discovered in Ethiopia in 1974. 

Until now, Lucy was believed to have shared a common ancestor with prehistoric 3 apes and to have evolved from there.

But scientists say their new analysis of the older Ardipithecus skeleton suggests that chimps 4 and humans evolved separately from an even older common relative.

Owen Lovejoy is a professor of Anthropology 5 at Kent State University's Biomedical Sciences division in Ohio.

"This was like discovering a time capsule from a period and a place that we knew nothing about," Lovejoy said.

 
Digital representations of the Ar. ramidus cranium and mandible. This image relates to an article in the 02 October 2009 issue of Science.
It took anthropologists 17 years to assemble and analyze 6 multiple skull 7, hand, feet, limb and pelvis fragments of Ardipithecus, which were first discovered in ancient lake and stream deposits near the Ethiopian village of Aramis in 1992. 

Researchers say the composite skeleton belonged to an adult female who stood 120 centimeters, or four feet tall and weighed about 50 kilograms. 
 
Ardi had elongated 8 palms and special joints 9 and ligaments that allowed it to climb and hang from tree branches. Its bone structure also permitted walking upright on the ground like modern humans. But it lacked the arched feet and smooth gait evident in Lucy and other later hominids.
 
Researchers say that despite its many ape-like features, Ardipithecus was too different from modern chimps for the lineage to be considered direct.

 
Definitions from human, left, Ar. ramidus, middle, and chimpanzee, right, all males. Below are corresponding samples of the maxillary first molar in each.
Scientists note that Ardi's upper canine 10 teeth are more like the stubby ones of modern humans than the long, sharp, pointed 11 ones of male chimps and other primates 12. A scientific analysis of the tooth enamel 13 suggests Ardi enjoyed a diet of fruit and other woodland-based foods such as nuts and leaves.

Tim White, a professor at the Human Evolution Research Center at the University of California at Berkeley says Ardipithecus' mixture of ape and human-like features suggests that our "last common ancestor" may have been much older than anthropologists believe.

"We may have thought that human evolution began somewhat by accident a million years ago with the discovery of tools or 2.5 million years ago with the discovery of the first stone tools," White said. "But in fact, Ardipithecus tells us that we as humans have been evolving toward what we are today for at least six million years."

 
Partial skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus, a hominid species living about 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. Eleven papers from an international team of authors published in print and online in this special issue describe anatomy 14 of this species.
Scientists say they need more fossil finds dating back three to five million years to determine whether Ardipithecus might be even more closely related to early humans than the current evidence suggests.

Ethiopia regards Ardi's fossil remains 15 as a national treasure, and they are on permanent display at the anthropology museum in Addis Ababa.

The discovery of Ardipithecus is detailed 16 in 11 research papers published this week in the journal Science.