时间:2019-02-05 作者:英语课 分类:英语学习方法


英语课

   任何语言都有语体之分,有高雅的、通俗的、粗野 的,还有俚语、公文用语及术语等。文学作品中,作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物的性格特征,更是常用的方法。翻译时,必须审其雅俗,量其轻重,论其褒贬,即要注意同义词之间有不同的语体色彩、使用范围及程度,这样,才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。


  (1) 词义有轻重的不同
  例如:表示“打破”的词
  break是最一般的用语,意思是经打击或施加压力而破碎。
  crack是出现了裂缝,但还没有变成碎片。
  crush是从外面用力往内或从上往下而压碎。
  demolish是破坏、铲平或削平(如土堆、建筑物、城堡等)。
  destroy是完全摧毁,使之无法复原。
  shatter是突然使一物体粉碎。
  smash旧指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。
  又如表示“闪光”的词
  shine照耀;指光的稳定发射。
  glitter闪光;指光的不稳定发射。
  glare耀眼;表示光的最强度。
  sparkle闪烁;指发射微细的光度。
  (2)词义有范围大小和侧重面的不同
  在一定上下文中,在agriculture,farming,cultivation,agronomy四个词中:griculture指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程,所包含的范围最广;farming指农业的实践;cultivation指农业物的栽培过程;agronomy指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去的实践。
  又如在empty,vacant,hollow这组同义词中,它们各自有不同的形容对象和强调的内容:empty可以用来形容house,room,cup,box,stomach,head,words等词,表示“空的,一无所有;vacant可以用来形容position,room,house,seat等词表示“没有人占用的,空缺的;hollow可以和tree,voice,sound,cheeks等词连用,表示“空洞的,虚的,不实的,下陷的。
  3)词义有感情色彩(如憎恶、蔑视、讽刺、诅咒、尊敬、亲昵等等)和语体色彩(如庄严、高雅、古朴、俚语、方言词语、公文用语、委婉词等等)的不同
  如“死”就有许多委婉的说法:
  to expire 逝世
  to pass away 与世长辞
  to close (end) one's day 寿终
  to breathe one's last 断气
  to go west 归西天
  to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘
  to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉
  to give up the ghost 见阎王
  to kick the bucket 翘辫子
  to kick up one's heels 蹬腿
  又如“怀孕”也有许多委婉的说法:
  She is having a baby.
  She is expecting.
  She is in the family way.
  She is knitting little booties.
  She is in a delicate condition.
  She is in an interesting condition.
  又如“警察”:
  policeman 正式用语
  cop 美国口语
  bobby 英国口语
  nab 美国俚语

标签: 同义词 翻译
学英语单词
110 camera
Abra R.
acid-alkali regeneration
allokenesis
alternaria porri (ell.)ciferri
anaerobia
anti-pick-up factor
antimechanist
antique finish
apostolic constitution
Argasidae
be at an advantage
bread-makings
c(a)ecum(pl.c(a)eca)
cadmium oxide
carbamate esters
cebollite
chemical coprecipitation process
coal burning gas turbine
coelospheric sensillum
collura
colour changing
consensions
constrained vector
cousins-german
cut film
cut off gain
davit cleat
deliquescent crystal
diplomatic history
directrix of conic
discriminal
dissociates
electron density map
Elvis sandwiches
ethnopharmacologic
extended surface refrigerating coil
fast-response photomultiplier
fixed hairs
foughten
four-cable crane
frowned upon
fuse breaking distance
germanomethane
glycyl alcohol
grain boundary internal friction peak
grating converter
heckel
hicklins
hosings
in - house expertise
inferior carotid triangle
internal energy
laboratory assessment
Laburnum anagyroides
Lambourn Downs
laser fiber fineness distribution
laser operation
ligatory
loses
low bed trailer
map factor
measure of sensitivity
Mols Bjerge
moves in with
Namch'on
Navassa
nitrifying capacity
nitrosomyoglobin
Noctuinae
octagram
on a daily basis
plainback
postseasons
print-error marker
quantum frequency conversion
Qūshchī
racy of the soil
ravived
relay interlocking for large station
Rhododendron sikangense
root registry
self-sown crop
SFAF
siest
SIGM
soy oil
sperm -nucleus
stack gas desulflrization facility
stockpiled
superdirectory
take something into consideration
tauri-
trapezoid trapezium
trevor-roper
tuolumne
under-miller
unhomelikeness
uniform system
ventriculus lateralis cerebri
virtual front time of impulse
zanosar