2006年VOA标准英语-Drought-Stricken Africa Struggles to Avert
时间:2019-02-03 作者:英语课 分类:2006年VOA标准英语(二月)
By Catherine Maddux
Washington
07 February 2006
From East Africa all the way to the southern most part of the continent, drought has ruined crops, leaving millions of people dependent on international food aid. Cycles of severe weather are expected to continue in Africa, challenging nations to find more effective ways to cope with drought and famine.
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While Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth, Africa suffers the most when drought strikes. When the rains do not come, people go hungry.
Drought is a fact of life in Africa, according to Henry Josserand, chief of the Global Information and Early Warning System at the Food and Agriculture Organization.
"Historically, it has been the Sahel. The band of countries from Senegal in the west, including Mauritania, and reaching all across Africa eastward 1 to the Horn of Africa," Josserand said. "There is the part where the rainfall is very iffy and it is not unusual to have a bad year. You know, one bad year out of the three is not unusual."
Currently, severe drought is gripping eastern Kenya, southeastern Ethiopia, southern Somalia and parts of Tanzania, and Djibouti - the result of several consecutive 2 poor rainy seasons. The U.N. World Food Program estimates 5.4 million people in the Horn of Africa now face food shortages.
To the west, forecasters say poor rains are expected in parts of Mali and Chad.
If rainfall remains 3 low, drought could also bring misery 4 to a number of other West African countries including Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria.
Last year, Niger suffered a severe drought that worsened an already fragile food situation.
The young are the most vulnerable to drought
In Southern Africa, millions of people in several countries are still dependent on food aid following last year's scorching 5 dry weather.
This, even though the current rainy season has improved prospects 6 for a good harvest this year.
Mark Rosegrant, an expert at the International Food Policy Research Institute, says drought not only creates hunger in Africa, it also directly affects the economy.
"We have done some work in Ethiopia recently that shows that when you have severe droughts, you are not only affecting agricultural production," Rosegrant said. "But because agriculture is such a huge part of the economy and such a big part of employment - that that (issue) depresses income growth throughout the economy. So it can be very devastating 7 when you have these kinds of water-related production shortfalls."
There is heated debate among scientists about the reasons why Africa is so drought-prone - mainly centered around the issue of climate change. Michael Glantz is a social scientist with the US-based National Center for Atmospheric 8 Research.
"We have a continent on which there are lots of droughts," Glantz said. "And it appears that Africa has gone - West Africa definitely - has gone through about a 30-year drying. Before that, it was particularly wet. So the argument is whether the climate that we're witnessing now over the past two decades is part of these decade-scale fluctuations 9 in the climate system? Or is it climate changing because of human activities, putting greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and stuff like that? We don't know."
And he adds, whether or not scientists agree on this controversial issue, they do agree that the earth has become warmer in the past century. Glantz says with warming comes extremes.
"More droughts, more floods, more variability," Glantz said. "Probably, less predictability. Some people say we are going to go back to normal and it is going to start getting wet again. Personally, I do not believe we should bet on that. If we cannot deal with drought today, we are not going to deal with it any better in 50 years. That is why we really have to understand not just the physical aspects of a drought. We have to understand how society uses and copes with water in their region."
For years, lending institutions and donor 10 countries have invested generously in a range of projects to bring water to farmers - including expensive efforts to set up irrigation systems.
But Mark Rosegrant from the International Food Policy Research Institute says many such well-intentioned projects have failed.
"One is that the sort of basic infrastructure 11 that services irrigation is not in place," Rosegrant said. "Things like roads and communications networks. So when you began to open up irrigation in Africa, you often times had to build the road systems just to get the construction crews into the areas, so that inflates 12 the cost and makes the costs very big. And I do think you have this just more difficult highly variable rainfall regime and relatively 13 poor soil fertility so that the impact of irrigation is not as high - even when you do it right."
Rosegrant also says, in some cases, corrupt 14 governments have simply siphoned off money meant for large-scale irrigation, leaving the projects unfinished.
Critics of such projects say some attempts to help Africa cope with droughts are simply badly designed. Donor countries do not work together, experts often do not share their knowledge and ideas, and in some cases there is no long-term followup.
Another criticism is directed at African governments. Experts and relief agencies say officials need to be more responsible with donor money and stop using food aid as a political tool. They also say African leaders must be more creative in supporting farmers and push for fairer access to world markets.
But Michael Hess from the U.S. Agency for International Development says it is difficult to get African farmers to change how they use their soil, what kind of crops they grow and moving from place to place to plant crops, which can contribute to food crises. He says it could take generations to change such habits - not to mention building the basic infrastructure that can help dry nations build up water reserves.
But Hess says he sees signs of hope in small-scale projects.
"You know, we are seeing rice farmers develop along the Niger River," Hess said. "I saw places where they were replanting trees. And these were women's groups who got together and got the trees and planted them and keep them going. And each family owns one or two trees and they are required to maintain them. And they do. I think if we keep doing that, we can hopefully, we can reverse the reduction of arable 15 land that's happening right now."
The irony 16 is that experts say parts of Africa are water-rich, like the Great Lakes region in Central Africa. But they say to get that water where it is most needed, many factors must come together: money, expertise 17, better policies for local growers and good governance.
- The river here tends eastward.这条河从这里向东流。
- The crowd is heading eastward,believing that they can find gold there.人群正在向东移去,他们认为在那里可以找到黄金。
- It has rained for four consecutive days.已连续下了四天雨。
- The policy of our Party is consecutive.我党的政策始终如一。
- He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
- The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
- Business depression usually causes misery among the working class.商业不景气常使工薪阶层受苦。
- He has rescued me from the mire of misery.他把我从苦海里救了出来。
- a scorching, pitiless sun 灼热的骄阳
- a scorching critique of the government's economic policy 对政府经济政策的严厉批评
- There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. 公司中有一种对工作前景悲观的情绪。
- They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects. 他们对公司的远景不那么乐观。
- It is the most devastating storm in 20 years.这是20年来破坏性最大的风暴。
- Affairs do have a devastating effect on marriages.婚外情确实会对婚姻造成毁灭性的影响。
- Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
- Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。
- He showed the price fluctuations in a statistical table. 他用统计表显示价格的波动。
- There were so many unpredictable fluctuations on the Stock Exchange. 股票市场瞬息万变。
- In these cases,the recipient usually takes care of the donor afterwards.在这类情况下,接受捐献者以后通常会照顾捐赠者。
- The Doctor transplanted the donor's heart to Mike's chest cavity.医生将捐赠者的心脏移植进麦克的胸腔。
- We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
- We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设,发展各类群众文化。
- Mass advertising often inflates prices rather than reducing them. 大宗广告常常是抬高物价而不是降低。 来自辞典例句
- The device periodically inflates the cuff and takes a blood pressure reading. 定期气囊打气及进行血压读数。 来自互联网
- The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
- The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
- The newspaper alleged the mayor's corrupt practices.那家报纸断言市长有舞弊行为。
- This judge is corrupt.这个法官贪污。
- The terrain changed quickly from arable land to desert.那个地带很快就从耕地变成了沙漠。
- Do you know how much arable land has been desolated?你知道什么每年有多少土地荒漠化吗?
- She said to him with slight irony.她略带嘲讽地对他说。
- In her voice we could sense a certain tinge of irony.从她的声音里我们可以感到某种讥讽的意味。