2006年VOA标准英语-Chadians Struggle Despite Oil Wealth

By Joe Bavier
N'Djamena
15 May 2006

It has been three years since Chad became an oil-exporting nation. The promise of petroleum 1 revenues had fueled hope that the central African country, long one of the world's poorest, would embark 2 on the road to prosperity. But there are few, if any, visible signs of improvement. Joe Bavier recently traveled to Chad and filed this report.

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As temperatures creep towards 50 degrees Celsius 3 along the main commercial street in Chad's capital N'Djamena, 35-year-old Yankal Dankor sits in what shade he can find, a cautious five meters from his stock of smuggled 4 fuel.

"Gasoline catches fire just like that," he says. "I have seen it happen. People get killed. In 1984, we had a barrel that exploded. Gas went everywhere. People were burned alive. It was here on this road."

Despite producing more than 160,000 barrels a day in oil, most Chadians buy their gasoline from used soda 5 and liquor bottles  
  
Chad has insufficient 6 refineries 7, so many Chadians still rely on gas smuggled from abroad.

Despite the dangers involved, Dankor has been doing this job for more than 20 years. He says it is the only one that will allow him to support his family of eight. On a good day, he says he can earn as much as five dollars.

Three years ago, Chad joined a handful of African nations as an oil exporter. Today, it exports around 170,000 barrels a day and has, so far, received around $400 million in oil revenues.

The World Bank estimates that the new income will boost Chad's annual budget by 40 to 50 percent during the next 25 years. 

A sheep and goat market in N'djamena, Feb. 22, 2006.  Before Chad became an oil-exporting country in 2003, one of its main exports was sheep, goats, cattle and camels to neighboring countries  
  
But since production began, the population has grown even poorer. In 2002, Chad ranked eighth to last on the U.N human-development index. Today, it is among the bottom five.

"We do not have anything here," says Dankor. He says the "suffering you see here, its even worse than it was before."

In Africa, for ordinary citizens oil has usually been more of a curse than a blessing 8. Nearby Nigeria is among the worlds top 10 oil producers and is sub-Saharan Africa's sole OPEC member country. But production in its oil-rich Niger Delta 9 has become synonymous with armed conflict, corruption 10 and environmental destruction.

Things were meant to be different in Chad.

In 1998, the government agreed to set aside the majority of its oil revenues to pay for social projects as part of a deal with the World Bank to fund the construction of a 1,070-kilometer-long pipeline 11 to neighboring Cameroon.

Ten percent of revenues were to be held in a trust fund for future generations. Eighty percent of royalties 12 and 85 percent of dividends 13 were to pay for education, health, rural development and infrastructure 14 and environmental projects. Five percent of royalties were destined 15 for reinvestment in oil-producing areas.

But last December, Chad's parliament voted to change the law. Government officials said they needed more control over the money to carry out immediate 16 poverty reduction projects and to combat a growing rebel insurgency 17 in the east. 

Idriss Deby    
  
Earlier this year, President Idriss Deby said Chad was planning to use some of the money to buy arms.

The World Bank accused Chad of reneging on its agreement, froze off-shore oil accounts and suspended its assistance to the country. Chad replied by threatening to block oil exports.

Chad's finance minister, Abbas Tolli, says as the position of the World Bank hardened, "we felt it was better to cut off production if we were not going to have access to the revenues anyway."

In April, lender countries agreed to an interim 18 deal with Chad that will allow 30 percent of oil revenues to go directly to government coffers. But Tolli says it is not enough, and much of the World Bank deal will need to be renegotiated.

The U.S. government has been involved in the poverty reduction scheme from the very beginning. And though U.S. ambassador to Chad, Marc Wall, admits there have been setbacks, he says there are signs the deal has in some ways benefited Chad's people.

"It is an experiment," he said. "And it has had its ups and downs. Revenue has been going into poverty reduction programs. It takes time for these projects to bear fruit, and people are always impatient. But there has been some progress."

For his part, Dankor says he not sure who to blame for the lack of progress. The government should be doing more, he says. But he says he has little hope that the situation will change anytime soon. 

Chadian woman casts her vote in N'djamena  
  
On Sunday, President Deby was declared the winner of a May 3 presidential election, which observers say were marred 19 by instances of fraud and low turnout.

Chad has never experienced a non-violent transfer of power.

Dankor says nothing changes in Chad. He says its the suffering that gets worse. He says he has never seen the oil. "I could not even tell you what color it is," he said.