侏罗纪搏击俱乐部 第14期:近亲繁殖的副作用

 　　When it comes to attacking an adversary 1, the sexes were probably different.

　　在向对手的攻击上两性之间可能不同。
　　The male refined his hunting skills to capture prey 2 or suitable mate.
　　雄性通过捕食猎物和追求配偶来完善自己的狩猎技巧。
　　But like modern birds and reptiles 3, the mother was probably more of a defensive 4 fighter, used to protect her offspring.
　　不过就像现代鸟类和爬行类一样，母亲可能会是更具防御性的战士，它们要保护幼崽。
　　Male Majungasaurus may have these skills for the ritual combat to fight over access to female's territory.
　　雄性玛君龙可能可以通过博斗仪式进入雌性的领地。
　　The females might have one situation where they have advantage.
　　雌性也可能有一项优势。
　　It's going to know how to defend its young and it's gonna fight pretty savagely 5.
　　它懂得如何保护幼崽而且它会异常凶猛。
　　Now if the female was actually defending its young, then the attendant sense changes the equation，要是雌性是在保护幼崽，这种母性会改变情况，and consequently the intensity 6 of battle might be different.
　　博斗的激烈程度会大幅度增加。
　　At that point, the intensity wouldn't be just about a meal or about territory, it would be about her heritage, her genes 7 and her future.
　　在这种情况下，激烈程度已经不再是仅仅因为食物或是领地，而是为了它的传承、基因和未来。
　　The female is gonna want to save her life.
　　雌性当然不想丧命。
　　If she has offspring nearby, she may fight to the death.
　　要是幼崽就在附近，它会殊死搏斗。
　　If the young is not there, she's gonna leave because she needs to protect her ability to reproduce.
　　要是幼崽不在，它也许会溜之大吉，毕竟要保证自己的繁殖机会。
　　I think if you throw a young Majungasaurus, which the female is going to try to protect him to the nest,我觉得要是加上一头小玛君龙，雌性会尽力在巢穴里保护它，you kind of change things around a bit and she's maybe not going to leave before the fight is done.
　　这在一定程度上产生了变化，在战斗结束之前，它可能不会离开。
　　She's not gonna abandon the fight if she feels her offspring is going to be in danger.
　　要是它感觉幼崽有危险，它就不会放弃战斗。
　　She'll fight for that offspring.
　　它是为它们的孩子而战。
　　Life on Madagascar was a struggle for an adult Majungasaurus.
　　对于成年玛君龙来说在马达加斯加岛上的生活并不容易。
　　But survival for a juvenile 8 was nearly impossible without protection from an adult.
　　要是没有成年玛君龙的保护，幼崽几乎不可能生存下来。
　　Being confined on the island of Madagascar in the late Cretaceous was pretty tough.
　　在白垩纪的末期，被限制在马达加斯加岛上很艰难。
　　Because what it did is it took all of dinosaurs 9 and forced them into a very small area.
　　因为有那么多的恐龙被迫生活在一个狭小的空间。
　　So unlike the animals on the mainland where the female could leave the juvenile unattended while she hunted.
　　所以跟在大陆上的动物不同，那里的雌性可以在狩猎时离开幼崽。
　　On Madagascar, because all these animals were confined in such a small place.
　　而在马达加斯加岛，因为在这个小地方里有那么多动物。
　　It was much more likely that somebody would happen across these babies.
　　这些幼崽更可能被其它动物遇到。
　　And when you are an unprotected baby, there's a tremendous amount of danger.
　　对于没有保护的幼崽这可是天大的危险。
　　In the dark dense 10 forests of Madagascar, danger came in many forms, but one in particular.
　　在马达加斯加岛阴暗浓密的森林里危险有多种形式，不过有一种尤为严重。
　　Isolationism had them effect that could have turned this paradise into a prison, even a death sentence.
　　与世隔绝产生的效果能够将这里的天堂变成监狱，甚至带来死亡。
　　On an island where you are separated from others, it means the chances of meeting mate from the opposite sex are reduced.
　　在一个岛上，跟大陆的同类被分开，这意味着遇到异性进行交配的几率大幅度降低。
　　And more importantly, it means that those that you meet, you can very well be very closely related to, so the number one problem is inbreed.
　　更重要的是，这意味着遇到的有可能是近亲，所以最大的问题是近亲繁殖。
　　And with inbreeding comes a couple of very nasty side effects,近亲繁殖会有一些很糟糕的副作用，
　　like, you have less of tolerance 11 of disease, your bone structure could be weaker, you are a lot more susceptible 12 to early death.
　　比如说对疾病的抵抗力降低，骨质结构变弱，早夭的可能大幅度增加。
　　But the number one problem with inbreeding is that a possibility of creating mutations exist.
　　不过近亲繁殖的最大问题是由此带来的突变的可能。
　　Majungasaurus may have had that ugly face because it was the end result of inbreeding.
　　玛君龙的那张丑脸就有可能是近亲繁殖的结果。