科学美国人60秒 SSS Bacteria Can Be Resistant to Brand-New Antibiotics
时间：2019-01-20 作者：英语课 分类：2017年Scientific American(八)月
Bacteria Can Be Resistant 1 to Brand-New Antibiotics 3
谁在对抗最新的抗生素
Perhaps the chief poster child of antibiotic 2 resistance is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA. The bacterium 4 is impervious 5 to a suite 6 of antibiotics, and can cause blood infections, pneumonia…even death. And you'd assume that it developed its namesake resistance to methicillin…by being exposed to methicillin.
也许抗生素耐药性的主要代表就是“耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)”。这种细菌不受一系列抗生素的影响，并能引发血液感染、肺炎……甚至死亡。你可能会认为它是通过被暴露于甲氧西林，才生出了同名的抗甲氧西林耐药性……
\But that doesn’t seem to be the case. Instead, the culprit for resistance appears to be an earlier, and chemically related antibiotic: penicillin 7. "We think it's a very early use of penicillin that forced the strains to pick up these mechanisms 8." Matthew Holden, a molecular 9 microbiologist at the University of Saint Andrews in Scotland.
但事实并非如此。相反，耐药性的罪魁祸首似乎是更早的、与化学相关的抗生素：青霉素（盘尼西林）。“我们认为是一种较早时期使用的青霉素迫使菌株去提取了这些机制。”苏格兰圣安德鲁斯大学的一名分子微生物学家马修·霍顿说道。
Holden and his team analyzed 10 the genomes of freeze-dried strains of MRSA bacteria, from the 1960s through the '80s. "In effect what we were doing was sort of genomic archaeology 11, in looking at the genomes, and comparing the variation and using that information to effectively reconstruct the evolutionary 12 histories."
霍顿和他的团队分析了20世纪60年代到80年代的、经过冷冻干燥处理的MRSA细菌菌株的基因组。“实际上，我们做的有点像基因组考古。通过研究基因组，比较变异并利用这些信息有效地重建进化史。”
What they found was that the Staph bacteria seem to have acquired the methicillin-resistance gene 13 in the mid-1940s—about 15 years before methicillin even hit the market. And they determined 14 that it was the widespread use of penicillin that led to that adaptation. The results are in the journal Genome Biology.
他们发现，葡萄球菌似乎是在20世纪40年代中期获得了“抗甲氧西林耐药性”的基因——大约在甲氧西林进入市场的15年前。他们断定是青霉素的广泛使用导致了这种适应性。该研究结果发表在《基因生物学》杂志上。
Methicillin was introduced in the U.K. in 1959. Less than a year later, resistance was first reported—resistance that it appears now was already baked into the staph strains. Looking ahead, Holden says we'd do well to vigilantly 15 monitor the genetics of circulating strains—to find out which bugs 16 may be armed to battle our newest antibiotics as soon as they’re developed.
英国于1959年引入了甲氧西林。不到一年，就第一次报道出了抗药性——一种似乎现在已经进入了葡萄球菌菌株的耐药性。霍顿表
- Many pests are resistant to the insecticide.许多害虫对这种杀虫剂有抵抗力。
- They imposed their government by force on the resistant population.他们以武力把自己的统治强加在持反抗态度的人民头上。
- The doctor said that I should take some antibiotic.医生说我应该服些用抗生素。
- Antibiotic can be used against infection.抗菌素可以用来防止感染。
- the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century 20世纪抗生素的发现
- The doctor gave me a prescription for antibiotics. 医生给我开了抗生素。
- The bacterium possibly goes in the human body by the mouth.细菌可能通过口进入人体。
- A bacterium is identified as the cause for his duodenal ulcer.一种细菌被断定为造成他十二指肠溃疡的根源。
- He was completely impervious to criticism.他对批评毫不在乎。
- This material is impervious to gases and liquids.气体和液体都透不过这种物质。
- She has a suite of rooms in the hotel.她在那家旅馆有一套房间。
- That is a nice suite of furniture.那套家具很不错。
- I should have asked him for a shot of penicillin.我应当让他给我打一针青霉素的。
- Penicillin was an extremely significant medical discovery.青霉素是极其重要的医学发现。
- The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
- For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。
- The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- She teaches archaeology at the university.她在大学里教考古学。
- He displayed interest in archaeology.他对考古学有兴趣。
- Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
- These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。
- A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
- The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
- I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
- He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
- He was looking ahead vigilantly. 他警惕地注视着前方。 来自互联网
- Why didn't they search more vigilantly? 那他们为什么不再仔细地搜一搜呢？ 来自互联网