英语单词大师：American Dialects

 More than half of the over one hundred native California tongues have disappeared.  Many others have only a few, aging speakers.  When this last fluent generation dies, languages spoken by Californians over centuries, will also die. At a recent gathering 2 of some 200 Native Americans struggling to maintain their dialects, Robert Geary remembered driving in his car, listening to a tape of his long-deceased great uncle speaking the native Elem Pomo language.

ROBERT GEARY: I was listening to this recording 3 and I was so lost hearing my language that I was doing 80 [mph] and I didn't even know it.  I got a ticket, yeah, I got a ticket.
Robert decided 4 he had to learn his ancestor's language - and immediately ran into a pervasive 5 problem for California's Native Americans. ROBERT GEARY: There is only one speaker left, her name is Loretta Kelsey. With her also not having anyone to speak it to, the language is even getting lost with her.  (SOUND)At the shoreline of the Pomo reservation on Clear Lake, Loretta Kelsey parts some tule reeds, looks over the blue-green waters to where Mount Konocti reaches for the clouds, then turns toward Robert.  It's not a struggle for her to bring back memories of the lake of her childhood; it is a struggle to tell Robert about it, in Pomo.    LORETTA KELSEY: Amah ko set.  Kuchinwallit.  Mecha wee hah ket kay.  Help me out, Robert.
ROBERT GEARY: She was saying something about eating tules.
LORETTA KELSEY: Where we're at now is where I was raised.  We'd go down to the water, we'd eat the tules.
Robert and Loretta have spent the last five years recovering the language. Now they teach it to others in their tribe.  But it's been an agonizing 6 process. Pomo was never written down, no dictionaries, no materials to teach the language - Robert and Loretta are inventing those as they go.
LORETTA KELSEY: Now we're just having to do it the way classrooms do it.
(SOUND: Teacher saying words in Pomo)The wind blows off the shore of clear lake as 20 native Americans from 7 to 70 gather along a row of picnic tables, watching Robert write on an old grade-school blackboard. ROBERT GEARY: Tichen, aweyah.  Eee.  Tzama, Tzama. Sixty-eight-year-old Elizabeth Jean spoke 1 Pomo as a child. She remembers her school days.
ELIZABETH JEAN: We spoke very poor English when I went to school. We needed to go to the bathroom and we didn't know how to say it in English.
Jean did learn English, and she lost her Pomo. But with only one remaining Elém Pomo speaker, who herself struggles with the language, it may be beyond recovery. Jocelyn Ahlers, an assistant professor of cultural linguistics 8 at California State University in San Marcos, is here at the class. She's been studying the attempts to revive the Pomo language.   JOCELYN AHLERS: Most linquists would come to a situation like this and say, I'm sorry, there's nothing I can do, in terms of making this a vibrant 9 speaking community again.  It's over. I'm sorry.
(SOUND)In today's class, students struggle to learn greetings and names of foods.  If the goal is to revive the language in daily life on this reservation, success may be far away, or impossible.  But Professor Ahlers thinks the common bond of learning the language may be enough. JOCELYN AHLERS: People tend to define linguistic 7 community strictly 10 as this place where everybody speaks the language all the time, and I think your language community could be the people who share a desire to learn your language with you, people who say hi to you or pray with you.
At dusk, the class winds down and the students gather in the ritual roundhouse to dance and pray.  ROBERT GEARY: The center of it is a pole that's sticking up.  It's kind of like our gateway 11 to God.
Robert says that even the limited Pomo now spoken on the reservation is of value, most of all, in prayers to the spirits.  ROBERT GEARY: It makes me feel that much more special to be able to talk to the creator in the language that he gave us.  That's irreplaceable.
Loretta stands at the shore, amid a tangled 12 mass of tule reeds. When she hears the others speaking Pomo, she feels both ancient burden, and new possibility.
LORETTA KELSEY: It seems like I haven't carried it on the way I should have.  Which was wrong.  Because it's not really dying. I refuse to say dying.
(MUSIC)For VOA News Now, from the Pomo Reservation at Clear Lake, California, this is Lonny Shavelson.