如何让英语写作句式多样化
句式就是句子的结构方式,也就是句子的式样或格式。不同的思想内容要用不同的句式来表达;而同一思想内容也可以用不同的句式来表达。句式不同,表达效果也就不同。只有句式多样化,文章才会生动有趣,充满活力。可是,在实际写作中,初学写作的学生往往一篇文章都是千篇一律的简单句,文章单调乏味,毫无生气。笔者认为,恰当地使用某些方法或手段有助于实际表达形式的多样化,增强表达效果。兹将常用方法简单介绍如下。
一、改变句子开头许多学生在写作中倾向于用与人有关系的词性,用名词和代词作为句子的开头,如 People,We,I,He,They,She等。但这种开头见多了,难免让人厌倦。试比较:
A.People throughout the country have greatly demanded all kinds of nutritious 1 food.B.There is a great demand across the country for all kinds of nutritious food.第一句改用非人称名词作为主语开头,第二句则用there +be句型开头。这样既改变了主语+谓语+宾语单调句型,又把想强调的意思突出出来。实际上,为了把文章写得生动活泼,除了用主语开头外,还可以用句子的其他成分开头。
1.用副词开头Too often,students stray into the habit of cheating on tests.2.用同位语开头Air,water and oxygen,everything that is necessary for life.3.用状语开头Dark and empty,the house looked very different from the way I remembered it.4.用表语开头Equally essential to the highest success in learning a language are intense interest plus persistent 2 effort.5.用宾语开头My advice you would not listen to;my helps you laughed at.Now you will have what you asked for.6.以短语修饰语开头1)以介词短语开头To me the news was very interesting,but to my wife very boring.2)以分词短语开头Disturbed by the discord 3 of American life in recent decades,Manchester四十三 took flight for the pacific islands.3)以不定式短语开头To pass the exam,you should work very hard.二、巧用连接词有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句,成了简单句堆砌;有的写复杂句时,动辄用so, and,then,but,or,however,yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的,反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象,可以通过使用连接词,尤其是一些表示从属关系的连接词,如 who,which,that,because,since,although,after,as,before,when,whenever,if,unless,as if等,不仅能够丰富句型,而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚,意义更连贯。例如:
Natural resources are very limited.They will be exhausted 4 in the near future.It is not true.But it becomes a major concern around the world.This is a widely accepted fact.这段文字用简单句表达,它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清,意思支离破碎。如果使用连接词,将单句与其前后合并,形成主次关系,就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。例如:
It is a widely accepted fact that there is a major concern around the world for the exhaustion 5 of limited natural resources in the near future,though it is unlikely to be true.再如:
The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world,and in spring time it often overflows 6 its banks,and the lives of many people are endangered.此句用and把三个分句一贯到底,既乏味又可笑。如果使用了关系代词which,语义就会更连贯,语言也会更流畅:
The Mississippi River,which is one of the longest rivers in the world,often overflows its banks in the spring time,endangering the lives of many people.三、长短句交插长句和短句是就句子的字数多少、形体长短而言的。长句和短句各有其优点和缺点。长句,因为使用的定语、状语较多,限制了概念的外延,增大了概念的内涵,所以比较精确、严密,但使用起来不够活泼简便。短句,由于字数少,直截了当,一般比较简洁、明快、有力,但不利于表达复杂的语义内容。在具体语言活动中,最好长短句交替使用。这既体现了节奏上的要求,也是意义上的需要。例如:
(1)We can imagine the beautiful surroundings.(2)There are many trees along the streets.(3)There is a clean river in the city.(4) There are many fishes in the river.(5)There are willow 7 trees on the one side.(6)There are some pieces of grassland 8 on the other side.(7)There are many flowers on them.文中七个句子都是简单句,句型结构单一,而且句子长短同一,都在七、八词左右,十分单调。下面是修改后的段落:
(1)Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener.(2)Green trees line the streets.(3)A clean river winds through the city,in which a lot of fishes abound 9.(4)On the one side stand rows of willow trees.(5)On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers.改写后的这段文字,有长句(1)、(3)、(5),也有短句(2)和(4),一长一短,抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了。不仅句子长短交插,而且句型结构变化也很大,使文章流畅自然,生动活泼。
四、利用倒装结构英语的基本句型是S+V+O,如果偶尔打破常规,改变某一成分的位置,不仅可以丰富句型,而且能强调、突出被倒装的部分,收到意想不到的表达效果。例如:
1)In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.2)Faith in the Chinese economic reforms the majority of people will never lose.总之,英语的句式是多种多样的,只要从要表达的内容出发合理选用,文章的句式就会富于变化。同时,在学习写作的过程中,学生应不断练习构造各种各样句式,以提高语言表达能力。
- Fresh vegetables are very nutritious.新鲜蔬菜富于营养。
- Hummingbirds have discovered that nectar and pollen are very nutritious.蜂鸟发现花蜜和花粉是很有营养的。
- Albert had a persistent headache that lasted for three days.艾伯特连续头痛了三天。
- She felt embarrassed by his persistent attentions.他不时地向她大献殷勤,使她很难为情。
- These two answers are in discord.这两个答案不一样。
- The discord of his music was hard on the ear.他演奏的不和谐音很刺耳。
- It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长,到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
- Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。
- She slept the sleep of exhaustion.她因疲劳而酣睡。
- His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing.他站着睡着了,显然是太累了。
- He always fills his glass till it overflows. 他总是把杯子斟得很满。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- A distributary overflows its banks. 分流水溢出河岸。 来自辞典例句
- The river was sparsely lined with willow trees.河边疏疏落落有几棵柳树。
- The willow's shadow falls on the lake.垂柳的影子倒映在湖面上。
- There is a reach of grassland in the distance.远处是连绵一片的草原。
- The snowstorm swept the vast expanse of grassland.暴风雪袭击了辽阔的草原。