美国国家公共电台 NPR Chinese Dissident Finds Struggles, Independence In America After Immigrating

AILSA CHANG, HOST:

Flushing, the neighborhood in Queens, N.Y., is home to the largest population of Chinese immigrants in any city outside Asia. One of those immigrants is Zhuang Liehong. He arrived in 2014 from a small village in southwestern China called Wukan. He's the central character of a new book called "Patriot 1 Number One: American Dreams in Chinatown." I went up to Flushing to meet him.

UNIDENTIFIED MAN: (Foreign language spoken).

CHANG: Zhuang, when you first arrived here and you saw Flushing, what went through your mind when you were taking it all in?

ZHUANG LIEHONG: (Through interpreter) Arriving in Flushing, it feels like a city in China. Other than the buildings and Chinese store signs, just look at the pedestrians 2 on the streets. They're mainly Chinese people.

CHANG: Was there anything surprising about Flushing when you first arrived?

ZHUANG: (Through interpreter) Here in Flushing, there are signs for the Democratic Party on street corners. There are supporters with brochures. There are also Christian 3 people doing outreach on the streets. All of this doesn't exist in China. It's not possible.

CHANG: It's not possible. Zhuang would know. In 2014, he fled Wukan just as the Chinese government was cracking down on it. The people of Wukan were demonstrating against government officials for selling communal 4 land to developers. People close to Zhuang were hauled away to prison. One friend died under police custody 5. He and his wife Little Yan devised a plan to sneak 6 into the U.S. as part of a tour group. Once the tour group got to the U.S., the couple quietly broke away and hopped 7 a flight to New York. Zhuang knew only one person in New York - Lauren Hilgers. She's a journalist who had visited Wukan village to report on the uprisings. And Hilgers is the author of the new book "Patriot Number One."

LAUREN HILGERS: As soon as he got to my house, he was very intent on getting to Flushing and starting a life. And he had all of these goals. He wasn't going to stay in my house forever.

CHANG: Turns out she was right. Zhuang has a place of his own now. He drove us there. He actually drives a lot. He's an Uber driver now. His home is tucked away on a suburban-looking street still in Flushing. There are manicured front lawns, leafy sidewalks, driveways. It's the very picture of middle class.

ZHUANG: Come in.

CHANG: But in the basement beneath one of those homes there's a different story.

UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #1: (Foreign language spoken).

UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #2: Hi.

UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #1: (Laughter).

CHANG: Zhuang, his wife and two young sons are crammed 8 into this basement. They all sleep together in one small bedroom. They share a bathroom and a tiny kitchen with two other people who also rent space down here. There's scarcely any room to move around. But Zhuang still insists on certain dignities when people visit...

(SOUNDBITE OF WATER POURING)

CHANG: ...Like brewing 9 tea.

ZHUANG: (Foreign language spoken).

CHANG: Kung fu tea.

ZHUANG: Yeah, kung fu tea. (Through interpreter) We have this traditional virtue 10 of becoming friends through drinking tea. So whenever a friend arrives, you have to make tea for them.

CHANG: So, Zhuang, you came to the U.S. more for political reasons rather than economic ones. Can you tell me, what did you hope to find when you came to the United States?

ZHUANG: (Through interpreter) I wasn't hoping that the U.S. would give me some preferential treatment. I only wanted to escape the possibility of being persecuted 11 in China. The pressure in Wukan was that at any moment you could be arrested. At any moment you could be convicted, grabbed and thrown into prison.

CHANG: One of the most fascinating things I learned reading your book, Lauren, is that Chinese people apply for and get asylum 12 more often than any other group of immigrants in the U.S. Why is that?

HILGERS: There's a lot of sympathy for Chinese people because the reasons that they apply for asylum have to do with forced abortions 13; the one-child policy, which strikes quite a chord here; political trouble, which I think after Tiananmen Square also was very well-publicized here.

CHANG: What I found so interesting in this book is that many of the men in Flushing were men who were in a way financially dependent on the women in their lives. I remember in the beginning, Zhuang, you found it very hard to see your wife go out and get her own job, especially at the nail salon 14. Why did you not want her to go out and work and have her own life?

ZHUANG: (Through interpreter) That period of time in the beginning I couldn't work and couldn't have an income because here in America it's very difficult for a man without skills to find a job. To solely 15 rely on her to work I didn't feel good either.

CHANG: Why did it make you uncomfortable?

ZHUANG: (Through interpreter) There's also this Chinese traditional idea. To let your wife go out and work you wouldn't feel good inside. And you do lose face.

CHANG: What helped you get through that difficult time?

ZHUANG: (Through interpreter) Nothing. No one helped. Here it's very difficult if you don't know English. Plus, women here can easily find jobs, but it's difficult for a man here. So Little Yan at the time often said I like to eat, but I'm too lazy for work. I used to be very angry at this because this really hurts my dignity.

CHANG: Lauren, I'm curious. How common - in studying Chinese immigration, how common is it to see men and women exchange roles when it comes to earning money for the family?

HILGERS: I kind of understand this to be almost a trope of immigration, these sort of women that do backbreaking work and support family and are really practical. A lot of times men will go out and work in restaurants outside of the city and women will stay here and work. So I think women really shape the community in a way.

CHANG: Another thing I learned after reading your book is that Asian immigrants are the fastest-growing immigrant population in the U.S., far exceeding immigrants from Latin America. But it just feels like the political conversation in this country about immigration is not focused on Chinese immigrants. Why is that, you think?

HILGERS: Well, I think the situation over a hundred years ago Chinese immigrants were considered villainous. And the first sort of exclusionary 16 immigration act was focused on Chinese people. They were considered very lazy, a bad influence. They would attack our women. There are echoes of it now, just it's no longer Chinese people we're talking about.

CHANG: Zhuang, back in Wukan you measured success by the political impact that you had. How do you measure success in your life now here in Flushing?

ZHUANG: (Through interpreter) To have my own stable life for my family. We don't necessarily need to be rich. But in Wukan, there is no democracy, rule of law, freedom and equality. Wukan needs this, and the whole China needs to have it. If China doesn't change its policies, Wukan will never truly have free rule of law, democracy and equal society. It's impossible. So I cannot say that I've succeeded.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

CHANG: That was Zhuang Liehong, a Chinese dissident who lives in Flushing, Queens. He's the subject of Lauren Hilgers' new book "Patriot Number One: American Dreams in Chinatown."

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)