时间:2019-01-14 作者:英语课 分类:英语学习方法


英语课

 提高阅读能力的几个因素


  一、分析文章的结构规律
  1、叙述文
  叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主,对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中,或顺序或倒序。但是四级考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文,因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以四级考试中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。这类文章的基本结构模式是:
  1) 用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题)
  2) 叙述先前的经历(举例1)及其感悟或发现
  3) 叙述接下来的经历(举例2)及其感悟或发现
  4) 做出总结或结论
2000年12月四级考试阅读理解的第二篇就是这样的结构。我们可以将其结构简化为:
   ① 总括性的话:
  Engineering students are supposed to be example of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.
   ② 先前的经历或想法
In high school I wanted to be ……,but I didn't chose a college with a large engineering department.
   ③ 往后的经历
  I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university for a broad education
   ④ 接下来的经历
  I headed off for sure that I was going to have an advantage over others.
   ⑤ 再下来的经历
  Now I am not so sure. …… I have learned the reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.
   ⑥ 结论
  I have realized that the struggle to reconcile the study of engineering and liberal-arts is difficult.
只要理解了这类文章的结构特点解答问题就相当简单,因为这类文章后的阅读理解试题大多是和文章的内容先后顺序一致的细节题。
  2、说明文(描述文)
  说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即:提出问题(或以一个事例引出问题)---- (专家)发现直接原因----- 分析深层原因-----得出结论或找到出路。
2000年12月四级考试阅读理解第三篇就是这样的一篇文章。
   ① Priscilla Ouchuida's "energy-efficient" house turned out to be a horrible dream. …… a strange illness. (事例)
   ② Experts finally traced the cause of her illness.(直接原因)
   ③ The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution,….(深层原因)
   ④ The problem appears it be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. (得出结论)
  知道了类似的文章结构特点,就可以据此来进行考题预测。比如,我们看出了该篇文章属于这种结构类型,就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因,还有可能要出现推断题。
     3、议论文
  我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张---反主张模式。在这一模式中,作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点,然后进行澄清,说明自己的主张或观点,或者说提出反主张或真实情况。1996年1月大学英语四级考试阅读理解第四篇就是这样的结构。
  文章的开始提出某college teacher认为:"High school English teachers are not doing their jobs ." 因为 His students has a bad command of English.
  作者的反观点是:
      ① It is inevitable 1 for one generation to complain the one immediately following it. And it is human nature to look for reasons for our dissatisfaction.
      ② The people who criticize the high school teachers are not aware that their language ability has developed through the years.
      最后的结论是:The concern about the decline and fall of the English language is a generation, and is not new and peculiar 2 to taday's young people.
 议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题,文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现了这种结构特点,解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段落内找答案,基本上不存在任何困难。
  通过研究以上的文章结构特点,我们不难发现,在四级考试阅读理解中无论任何体裁的文章都遵循着这样一个共同的模式:提出话题(观点或事例)---- 用事例分析原因(或批驳观点)------得出结论。对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾,分清观点和事例,从而在四级考试的阅读理解中准确定位,快速答题。
     二、 巧妙绕开生词
     1、英语文章中不是所有的词的功能都是同等的,有些词担负着传达主要信息的功能,而有些词主要起语法作用或者它所传达的信息和下文的其他信息没有联系。这类词有:表示人名,地名,机构名等专有名词。遇到这些词,只要我们能辨认出它是专有名词,就能理解文章而不必知道它的意思。比如在下面的句子中:"In fact", says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,"there's even a prohibition 3 against admitting we need sleep." 两个引号之间的部分就不必去管它。类似的还有: " We have to totally change our attitude toward napping," says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University,the godfather of sleep research.
    2、我们不用弄清上面某些部分的原因是,它们的后面往往有一个同位语来解释说明它们的意思。这就引起了我们不用弄懂所有单词意思的第二个理由。也就是说如果我们对文章中的某一个单词不熟悉,我们还可以根据统一篇文章中的其他信息来帮助判断。这类信息有:同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号(如破折号、冒号都表示解释和说明)等。
    三、 抓住句子的主干
  要实现快速准确理解文章除了要抓住关键句子外,还要抓住句子当中的关键成分。主要是句子的主干,如主语、谓语和宾语,因为它们是传达信息的主要载体,其他成分,不论它有多么长,多么复杂它都是辅助成分。比如在下面的句子中:Another element in the emergence 4 of prodigies(神童),I found , is a society that values excellence 5 in a certain field and is able nurture 6 talent. 只要我们抓住了Element is society.就可以得知社会是神童出现的一个因素。
  我们在今天这一讲中要说明的核心问题是,我们阅读英语文章时,一定要有一个全局观念,从宏观上来把握文章,做到了这一点,我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能够从容应对。
    四、 抓住 "第三词汇"
  语法中的功能词对理解句子十分重要,同样文章中那些起组织作用的实义词对理解文章也是非常重要的,因为掌握了它们就可以大大增强阅读理解中的预知下文的能力。我们把这些词称做 "第三词汇"(区别于仅起语法作用的功能词和一般实义词)。抓住了它们,就抓住了文章的核心意思。这类词有很多,其中最常见的有:
achieve, addition, attribute, cause, change, consequence, deny, effect, explanation, fact, form, grounds, instance, kind, manner, matter, mathod, opposite, point, problem, reason, respect, result, same, situation, thing, way.
  另外,有人认为"第三词汇"主要是一些"照应名词",其中包括:
abstraction, approach, belief, classification, doctrine 7, dogma, evaluation 8, evidence, insight, investigation 9, illusion, notion, opinion, position, supposition, thery, viewpoint等等。
  还有人针对某一文章类型总结出一些 "第三词汇"。比如:在"问题---解决 " 文章模式中,这些 "第三词汇"就更加固定和明确。它们有:
问题:concern, difficulty, dilemma 10, drawback, hamper 11, hinder(hindrance), obstacle, problem, snag等。
反应:change, combat(v), come up with, develop, find, measure, respond, response等
解决或结果:answer, consequence, effect, outcome, result, solution, (re)solve等。
评价:(in)effect, manage, overcome, succeed, (un)successful, viable 12, work(v.)
  聚集于 "主张---反主张"文章结构模式中的该类词汇有:claim, state, truth, false, in fact, in reality, believe等等。

adj.不可避免的,必然发生的
  • Mary was wearing her inevitable large hat.玛丽戴着她总是戴的那顶大帽子。
  • The defeat had inevitable consequences for British policy.战败对英国政策不可避免地产生了影响。
adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的
  • He walks in a peculiar fashion.他走路的样子很奇特。
  • He looked at me with a very peculiar expression.他用一种很奇怪的表情看着我。
n.禁止;禁令,禁律
  • The prohibition against drunken driving will save many lives.禁止酒后开车将会减少许多死亡事故。
  • They voted in favour of the prohibition of smoking in public areas.他们投票赞成禁止在公共场所吸烟。
n.浮现,显现,出现,(植物)突出体
  • The last decade saw the emergence of a dynamic economy.最近10年见证了经济增长的姿态。
  • Language emerges and develops with the emergence and development of society.语言是随着社会的产生而产生,随着社会的发展而发展的。
n.优秀,杰出,(pl.)优点,美德
  • His art has reached a high degree of excellence.他的艺术已达到炉火纯青的地步。
  • My performance is far below excellence.我的表演离优秀还差得远呢。
n.养育,照顾,教育;滋养,营养品;vt.养育,给与营养物,教养,扶持
  • The tree grows well in his nurture.在他的培育下这棵树长得很好。
  • The two sisters had received very different nurture.这俩个姊妹接受过极不同的教育。
n.教义;主义;学说
  • He was impelled to proclaim his doctrine.他不得不宣扬他的教义。
  • The council met to consider changes to doctrine.宗教议会开会考虑更改教义。
n.估价,评价;赋值
  • I attempted an honest evaluation of my own life.我试图如实地评价我自己的一生。
  • The new scheme is still under evaluation.新方案还在评估阶段。
n.调查,调查研究
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
n.困境,进退两难的局面
  • I am on the horns of a dilemma about the matter.这件事使我进退两难。
  • He was thrown into a dilemma.他陷入困境。
vt.妨碍,束缚,限制;n.(有盖的)大篮子
  • There are some apples in a picnic hamper.在野餐用的大篮子里有许多苹果。
  • The emergence of such problems seriously hamper the development of enterprises.这些问题的出现严重阻碍了企业的发展。
adj.可行的,切实可行的,能活下去的
  • The scheme is economically viable.这个计划从经济效益来看是可行的。
  • The economy of the country is not viable.这个国家经济是难以维持的。
标签: 阅读
学英语单词
a myriad of
advanced ceramics
air jet oil atomizer
airsals
ammonium phoaphate-sulfate
archangelicin
are due
Bayeh
beam diverging
Berezovka
betaquil
black varnish
bloodletting therapy
branch value
British association unit
bullo r.
but rather
cadence braking
calenderings
coffee cooler
cold stop
Complexon-3-calcium
congenerous muscles
continual method
cowlick
diffusion frequency
direct-beam
disguised
dispersing pathogenic wind
e-region
elash
entodon obtusatus
Forata, Embalse de
gasoline stabilized
gear type motor
glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP)
granoplasma
guilders
Hakea lissosperma
hepatopathy
hypoxylon cinnabarinum
in a ratio of
inductive loss
inheritory
input/output queue length
ionic chloroprene rubber latex
ironmongers
Jamalpur District
leafstalk
low-yielding types
manganides
minatorily
montagny
mort-lake
muck it up
nitrided case
Nordfjordeid
operating agreement
pelrimage
pentachloroethylbenzene
pleophyletic
plumbeous water redstart
prevailing wind direction
proceed flag signal
prodelta clay
profile milling
prumnopitys andinas
Pseudoeupotia
pycnocraspedum microplepis
raiatea
re-states
real slip
reef crab
reformed fishplate
retroactive bank
Ruianji
running out of gas
saturated hydrocarbon
Scorsesean
scrape ... feet
secondary emission cathode
sheths
side-light screen
sidney poitiers
solder bonding
solder dipping
specific note
spreadbase
stercoreous
storm water
Streptomycetaceae
stripped fraction
substitute product
Tannu-Ola
tawarets
trimeric benzene
underlug
unmard
unsusceptibility
wal-
weighing-scale
Yahuwah