时间:2019-01-14 作者:英语课 分类:VOA标准英语2011年(八月)


英语课

Judges Dig Deeper into Meaning of Everyday Words


Thirteen years ago, U.S. President Bill Clinton, who was embroiled 1 in a sex scandal, famously answered a grand jury question by saying, “It depends on what the meaning of the word ‘is’ is.”

A lot of people thought that was funny - or an awfully 2 narrow parsing 3 of a commonly understood word. But seeking such ultra-careful interpretations 4 of ordinary words in legal settings may be catching 5 on.

In courtrooms across the country, judges themselves are digging deep into the meaning of everyday words. As recently as June, even U.S. Supreme 6 Court Chief Justice John Roberts consulted five dictionaries to divine the meaning of “of” for an opinion.

And judges in lower courts have thumbed through dictionaries to ponder the best definition of the words “now,” “any,” and “if.”

One problem with this is that there are many dictionaries - and thus many definitions of the same word.

J. Gordon Christy, a Mississippi College School of Law professor, grumbles 7 that “We are treated to the truly absurd spectacle of august justices and judges arguing over which unreliable dictionary and which unreliable dictionary definition should be deemed authoritative 8.”

A study by the Marquette Law Review, reported in the New York Times, found Supreme Court justices citing dictionary definitions 295 times in 225 opinions over the first 10 years of this century.

And they used 120 different dictionaries to do it.

In 1995, for instance, Justice Clarence Thomas consulted dictionaries published in 1773, 1789, and 1796 to try to determine exactly what the framers of the U.S. Constitution meant by the word “commerce.”

One of two things appears to be at work. Either judges are choosing their words extra, extra carefully. Or Noah Webster and other lexicographers, dead and alive, are helping 9 to interpret the law.



adj.卷入的;纠缠不清的
  • He became embroiled in a dispute with his neighbours. 他与邻居们发生了争执。
  • John and Peter were quarrelling, but Mary refused to get embroiled. 约翰和彼得在争吵,但玛丽不愿卷入。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adv.可怕地,非常地,极端地
  • Agriculture was awfully neglected in the past.过去农业遭到严重忽视。
  • I've been feeling awfully bad about it.对这我一直感到很难受。
n.分[剖]析,分解v.从语法上描述或分析(词句等)( parse的现在分词 )
  • A parsing program, or parser, is also called a recognizer. 分析过程又称作识别程序。 来自辞典例句
  • This chapter describes a technique for parsing using the bottom-up method. 本章介绍一种使用自底向上方法的分析技术。 来自辞典例句
n.解释( interpretation的名词复数 );表演;演绎;理解
  • This passage is open to a variety of interpretations. 这篇文章可以有各种不同的解释。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The involved and abstruse passage makes several interpretations possible. 这段艰涩的文字可以作出好几种解释。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
adj.易传染的,有魅力的,迷人的,接住
  • There are those who think eczema is catching.有人就是认为湿疹会传染。
  • Enthusiasm is very catching.热情非常富有感染力。
adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的
  • It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
  • He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。
抱怨( grumble的第三人称单数 ); 发牢骚; 咕哝; 发哼声
  • He grumbles at his lot instead of resolutely facing his difficulties. 他不是果敢地去面对困难,而是抱怨自己运气不佳。
  • I'm sick of your unending grumbles. 我对你的不断埋怨感到厌烦。
adj.有权威的,可相信的;命令式的;官方的
  • David speaks in an authoritative tone.大卫以命令的口吻说话。
  • Her smile was warm but authoritative.她的笑容很和蔼,同时又透着威严。
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的
  • The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
  • By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。
标签: VOA标准英语 Mean
学英语单词
aeronomical
airborne early warning
all by yourself
amikacin
analda
beholders.
bellify
boat cradle
bowleses
bridging theory
bugdust
bulbectomizing
buying binge
calcium hydroxide
centrifugal-type spray dryer
cephalic lobe
cerebral ventricles
church choir
commutative element of a group
controlled-release fertilizer
Count Fleet
crepe marocains
cuckoo-spits
customer bleed orifice diameter
dafter
defilippis
double pole double throw switch
elai-
endogenous halo
energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer
equilibrium laws
Eritrichium petiolare
fetal respiratory movement
flight loader
floating point logic machine
four-pipe water system
full-tone original
glandular disorders
greenridges
Gyulafehérvar
harbo(u)r regulations
heat consumption
heat hardening
high wheeled car
hyperferremia
hyperleptinemic
import export link system
independent factors
inky-cap mushroom
insulated tank
introductory rate
Irayène
iron wax
kerens
lead inductance effect
light activated thyristor
lingua franca
m.f.a.
Mac Mosaic
make payments
methylene blue
mill bent
Minh Son
moon-up
motor armature
multitasking real-time i/o bound process
non-return-to-zero recorder
offence against constitution
offshore oil-gas pool
opening statements
organ(ic) physiology
organelle (pl. organella)
paleoencephalon
proliferating pleurisy
pull someone over
Pyrus malus
quintopolies
recombination deficient mutant
repristinated
rotomotor
sanker
secondary graphitizing
simple relational test
slazy
soup du jour
space impression
stellaria alsine grimm.
subdrains
submarine abrasion
Sulf-10
summary indicator
summer cholera
tagesgeld
take ... with a pinch of salt
Tallulah Bankhead
tuberosine
walk point
wild ginseng
workspace symbol module
writ of prohibition
zipporah
zuyd