VOA标准英语2012--Nature, Nurture Required for Elite Athletes
时间：2019-01-13 作者：英语课 分类：VOA标准英语2012年(八月)
Nature, Nurture 1 Required for Elite 2 Athletes
Doctors Michael Joyner and Michael Bostwick at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota studied this and also looked at other research.
“Most high-level athletes have something that distinguishes them from regular people and thus makes them able to compete at a very high level,” noted 3 Bostwick.
Joyner added that certain body types can provide advantages in certain sports.
"What is interesting about swimming is there’s a very, very narrow range of elite male swimmer body size," Joyner explained.
Swimmers are tall, typically between 1.9 and 2 meters, and they weigh around 90 kilograms. Height is an advantage. In other sports, the opposite is true.
"In sports like gymnastics, there are complex physiological 4 and physical relationships between how much you weigh and how strong you are," Joyner added. "And the strength to body weight ratio, which is critical to be able to do these tricks in gymnastics, is probably higher in people who are smaller.”
The doctors say runners also have an advantage if they are short.
"We looked a couple of years ago at the 50 men who had broken 27 minutes for 10,000 meters," recalled Joyner. "Forty-nine were East Africans and on average they were between 5’6” and 5’7” (about 1.6 meters) and weighed between 120 or 130 pounds (between 54 and 58 kg)."
Additionally, many East Africans live at high altitudes and so they develop greater lung capacity, but Doctor Joyner says there's more to it. "It’s the way the blood from your heart moves through the lungs and how the blood interacts with the surface area of the capillaries 5 where the oxygen is actually transported," Joyner explained.
Of course there is also the mental part of being able to concentrate under pressure.
Joyner and Bostwick conclude that when it comes to athletic 6 excellence 7, physical endowment accounts for only about 20 percent of an athlete's abilities. Psychological stamina 8 is also important. But most of the difference between champions and the rest of us comes from the excellent training they receive.
- The tree grows well in his nurture.在他的培育下这棵树长得很好。
- The two sisters had received very different nurture.这俩个姊妹接受过极不同的教育。
- The power elite inside the government is controlling foreign policy.政府内部的一群握有实权的精英控制着对外政策。
- We have a political elite in this country.我们国家有一群政治精英。
- The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
- Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。
- He bought a physiological book.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
- Every individual has a physiological requirement for each nutrient.每个人对每种营养成分都有一种生理上的需要。
- The blood flows from the capillaries back into the veins. 血从毛细血管流回静脉。
- While Joe sleeps, a large percentage of his capillaries are inactive. 当乔睡觉时，他的毛细血管大部分是不工作的。
- This area has been marked off for athletic practice.这块地方被划出来供体育训练之用。
- He is an athletic star.他是一个运动明星。
- His art has reached a high degree of excellence.他的艺术已达到炉火纯青的地步。
- My performance is far below excellence.我的表演离优秀还差得远呢。