时间:2019-01-13 作者:英语课 分类:VOA标准英语2012年(一月)


英语课

Stampedes, Heat Pose Biggest Threats in Crowds


When vast numbers of people gather for political or sporting events, or for concerts or pilgrimages, not everyone goes home healthy. But a new analysis finds that infectious disease is not the biggest culprit.

It may be a papal mass or the Hajj in Mecca, the World Cup, a rock festival, or a campaign rally. Mass gatherings 1 like these often attract hundreds of thousands, even millions of people.

Traditionally, doctors and health authorities were concerned about the risk of infectious disease, like influenza 2, spreading through these large crowds.

That's still a concern, but no longer the biggest fear, says Robert Steffen of the University of Zurich. "The risk has actually been dominated by sprains 3 or lacerations, or the mortality risk due to stampedes and heat exhaustion 4 in periods of extreme heat."

Steffen is the lead author of one of several articles in The Lancet Infectious Diseases about health issues surrounding mass gatherings.

He says some age groups are at particular risk: children are more vulnerable in stampedes, for example, and older people can be at higher risk when temperatures soar.

"At the Hajj, it's particularly senior adults who attend, and so they have great risk of suffering of heat stroke and of dying," Steffen says.

Stampedes and crushings at mass gatherings have claimed 7,000 lives over the past three decades. Panic often plays a role, as does the physical layout of the facility, such as narrow passages or other choke points. The mood of the crowd can also be a factor.

"If suddenly they get agitated 5, for instance, fireworks being launched within the football stadium, then they get very much afraid and try to escape."

Steffen says organizers need to avoid creating conditions that might lead to panic, stampedes, and heat stroke, as well as minor 6 injuries such as cuts and sprains. And they have to be ready to provide medical assistance.

For those attending large gatherings, Steffen suggests steering 7 away from any large mass of people as much as possible, and getting the necessary vaccinations 8 before traveling. And he says people should be careful with alcohol and drugs, which can increase the risk of physical injuries.



聚集( gathering的名词复数 ); 收集; 采集; 搜集
  • His conduct at social gatherings created a lot of comment. 他在社交聚会上的表现引起许多闲话。
  • During one of these gatherings a pupil caught stealing. 有一次,其中一名弟子偷窃被抓住。
n.流行性感冒,流感
  • They took steps to prevent the spread of influenza.他们采取措施
  • Influenza is an infectious disease.流感是一种传染病。
扭伤( sprain的名词复数 )
  • Bruises, sprains, muscular pain, muscular fatigue, lumbago, stiff shoulders, backache. 跌打扭伤,肌肉疼痛,肌肉疲劳,腰痛,肩肌僵直,背痛。
  • For recent injuries such as sprains and headaches, cold compresses are recommended. 对最近的一些伤病,例如扭伤和头痛,建议进行冷敷。
n.耗尽枯竭,疲惫,筋疲力尽,竭尽,详尽无遗的论述
  • She slept the sleep of exhaustion.她因疲劳而酣睡。
  • His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing.他站着睡着了,显然是太累了。
adj.被鼓动的,不安的
  • His answers were all mixed up,so agitated was he.他是那样心神不定,回答全乱了。
  • She was agitated because her train was an hour late.她乘坐的火车晚点一个小时,她十分焦虑。
adj.较小(少)的,较次要的;n.辅修学科;vi.辅修
  • The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
  • I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
n.操舵装置
  • He beat his hands on the steering wheel in frustration. 他沮丧地用手打了几下方向盘。
  • Steering according to the wind, he also framed his words more amicably. 他真会看风使舵,口吻也马上变得温和了。
n.种痘,接种( vaccination的名词复数 );牛痘疤
  • Vaccinations ensure one against diseases. 接种疫苗可以预防疾病。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I read some publicity about vaccinations while waiting my turn at the doctor's. 在医生那儿候诊时,我读了一些关于接种疫苗的宣传。 来自《简明英汉词典》
学英语单词
acetone extract
Aconitum contortum
adolesce
Algerine
as sukhnah (es sukhne)
Asosan
assignment half-word
aubisque
axial inductively coupled plasma
Ballsh
bill coincides with cargo
bulau
capillary surface
cercla
claim to immunity
cold preliming
consultant engineer
contemporary thoughts
coriaceous strepitus
cprw
cuproxoline
current activity stack
demyse girdle
depressor septi
eblio
emergency intake structure
end slope of groyne
epidemic myalgias
epilogizing
fnum
function preselection capability
glue sticks
grey-wedge pulse-height analyzer
hardware reliability
hardware selection criteria
heat-resisting aluminium alloy
herpes iris of bateman
hexanitro-mannite
holiday repair outage hours
inborrow
interpretation of predicate calculus
jeremijenko
JNACC
junction gate fet
junction pipe
keypads
laniger
latching
lattice circuit
lavatorium
marine indicator species
maximum-to-average-power ratio
melanotheca rubromaculata
Metoro
mo(u)ld protease
Montemurlo
movin'
object oriented multi-user dungeon
oleh
one-way layout
Onekotan, Ostrov
pacific blockade
parisa
Pertya bodinieri
post-mission zero calibration
poster board
power applications in other industries
praeposituses
pre-render
pustular lupus
rad hard
resonator-tron
right-of-way post
sal aeratus
scalding water additive
serial bonds
set one's foot on the neck of someone
short range battle practice
side chapel
sinsyne
slide prevention
smombies
smoothing chisel
SNAP (simulated network analysis program)
solid-on
sorr
spadoes
spotted asparagus beetle
statelike
surface-field-effect transistor
sympathesis
tank level control
tertial
timmins
tomoechography
traditionalise
udhr
unappropriates
Valsalva method
variola maligna
wide band discriminator
with an easy grace