时间:2019-01-12 作者:英语课 分类:2016年VOA慢速英语(一)月


英语课

 



 


 


Have You Perfected the Perfect Tenses?






Editor’s note: This is the third episode 1 of four-part series on verb tenses. Be sure to listen to part one and part two first.

 


For VOA Learning English, this is Everyday Grammar.


 


Today we are going to talk about the perfect verb tensesPerfect tenses generally focus on how apast action affects the present.For example, “I have already eaten.” The suggestion is that thespeaker is not hungry.


 


Perfect verb tenses are the most difficult for English learners. The term “perfect” can be confusing.What does grammar have to do with not making mistakesWhen you are talking about grammar,perfect has a different meaning. It comes from the Latin word perfectumwhich means “complete.”


 


The most important thing to remember is the perfect tenses always refer to completed actionsIfyou get confusedtry replacing “perfect” with “completed” and the time relationship should becomeclearer.






PERFECT


TENSES




It had already snowedbefore I left.


 


Had + past participleverb




have driven in snowmany times.


 


Have/has + pastparticiple verb




 


It will have snowed 6inches by the end of the day.


Will have + pastparticiple verb


 






 


Present perfect


 


We will start with the present perfectYou form the present perfect using has or have followed by a past participle verb. For example, “I have seen Star Wars.


 


The use of the present perfect here gives us three pieces of informationFirst, it tells us that theevent is finishedSecond, it tells us that the exact time of the action is unknown or unimportant.Third, it suggests that the experience of seeing Star Wars has some effect in the present.


 


One of the most difficult distinctions for English learners to make is the difference between the simple past and present perfect.


 


Rememberwhen there is a specific timeyou use the simple past. In the sentence “I saw Star Warslast night,” the adverb last night is a specific time.


 


You cannot say “have seen Star Wars last night.” But, you could say, “I have seen Star Warsbefore” or “in the past” or “three times.”


 


You should also use the present perfect to refer to a repeated action in the past. For example, “Ihave taken that test four times.” The exact time of each action is not important.


 


You can also use the present perfect to describe an action that did not happenusing the adverbnever. “I have never traveled outside of my country” and “I have never smoked in my entire life.”Something that did not happen the pastlike not traveling and not smokingcan also have aneffect in the present.


 


The adverbs neveralreadyyet and so far are common in the present perfectAdverbs are oftenthe best indicators of which verb tense to use.


 


Past Perfect


 


Now let us look at the past perfect. The past perfect describes an activity that was finished beforeanother event in the past. For example, “She had already had a baby before she graduated.”


 


To form the past perfectuse had followed by a past participle verb. For the second actionusebefore or by the time followed by the simple past verbImagine you were at a New Year’s Eveparty, but you fell asleep before midnightYou could say, “I had already fallen asleep before theNew Year came.”


 


You can use the past perfect to talk about how an experience from the distant past relates to anexperience from the more recent past. For example, “The soldier wasn’t scared because he hadalready been in battle before.”


 


In other wordsbattle was not a new experience for the soldier.


 


If the time relationship is clearyou can choose between the past perfect and the simple past. “Mygrandfather passed away before I was born,” has the same meaning as “My grandfather hadpassed away before I was born.”


 


The past perfect just emphasizes that the first action was completed before the second action.


 


Future perfect


 


Let us move on to the future perfectUse the future perfect when you know that one future actionwill be completed before another future action. For example, “I will have graduated from collegebefore my little brother graduates from high school.”


 


The future perfect has very limited use because we rarely know a future sequence of events withany certaintyWhen it is used, the future perfect usually refers to major life events that areplanned years in advance.


 


And those are the three perfect tensesJoin us next week on Everyday Grammar for anexplanation of the perfect progressive tenses.




Words in This Story

 


participle - grammar. a form of a verb that is used to indicate a past or present action and thatcan also be used like an adjective


 


adverb - grammar. a word that describes a verb, an adjectiveanother adverb, or a sentence and that is often used to show timemannerplace, or degree


 


indicator - n. a sign that shows the condition or existence of something


 


scared - adj. afraid of something 









n.(作品的一段)情节,插曲,系列事件中之一
  • The episode was a huge embarrassment for all concerned.这段小插曲令所有有关人员都感到非常尴尬。
  • This episode remains sharply engraved on my mind.这段经历至今仍深深地铭刻在我的心中。
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