VOA慢速英语2014 Andrew Jackson Takes on the Bank of the US 安德鲁·杰克逊注意到关于美国银行

Andrew Jackson Takes on the Bank of the US 安德鲁·杰克逊与美国银行的对峙

From VOA Learning English, welcome to The Making of a Nation, our weekly program of Americanhistory for people learning English. I’m Steve Ember.

美国之音学英语，欢迎到一个民族的形成，我们的人在学习英语周报Americanhistory的程序。我是史蒂夫灰烬。

This week we continue the story of the presidency 1 of Andrew Jackson.

本周我们继续安德鲁·杰克逊总统的故事。

Jackson took office in 1829. He was popular with many voters. They saw him as the symbol of thecommon man. But Jackson’s first term seemed to be mostly a political battle with his vice 2 president,John C. Calhoun.

杰克逊上任于1829年。他是深受许多选民。他们看到他作为thecommon男人的象征。但杰克逊的第一个任期内似乎大多与他的副总统，约翰·C·卡尔霍恩一个政治斗争。

As his presidency went on, another struggle began. This time, it was Jackson against the Bank of theUnited States.

随着他的总统接着，另一个斗争开始了。这一次，它是杰克逊对theUnited国的银行。

Andrew Jackson Took on the Bank of the United States

安德鲁·杰克逊注意到关于美国银行

The First Bank of the United States had closed in 1811. But without a central bank, the country’sfinances had suffered during the War of 1812.

美国第一银行已经关闭了在1811年。但是，如果没有一个中央银行，country'sfinances曾在1812年战争期间遭受。

So in 1816, Congress provided money to establish the Second Bank of the United States. The bank could provide loans, paybills, collect taxes and move money around the country.

所以在1816年，美国国会提供资金，建立美国第二银行。银行可以提供贷款，paybills，收税和转移资金在全国各地。

?Congress gave the bank a charter to do business for 20 years. The government owned one-fifth of thebank. A small group of private citizens owned the rest. Lawmakers gave the bank enormous power.

国会给予银行的章程，以做生意为20年。政府拥有五分之一thebank的。一小群私人公民所拥有的其余部分。立法者给了银行巨大的力量。

The Bank of the United States had $35 million in capital. Some of that money came from thegovernment. Most came from investors 3.

美国银行有3500万美元的资金。其中一些资金来自thegovernment。大部分是来自投资者。

Historian Bray 4 Hammond notes that at the time, the Bank of the United States was the richestcorporation in the world.

历史学家布雷哈蒙德指出，在当时，美国的银行是世界上richestcorporation。

The Bank of the United States also printed the country’s paper money. And it was the only bankpermitted to have offices across the nation.

美国银行还印着国家的纸币。并且它是唯一bankpermitted有全国各地的办事处。

By making it easy or difficult for businesses to borrow money, the bank’s owners could control theeconomy in almost any part of the United States.

通过使它容易或困难企业借钱，银行的业主可以在美国的几乎任何部分控制经济的巨大转变。

“What this means is that you are granting -- and Congress did grant -- exclusive privileges to the Bank of the United States,which meant exclusive money-making opportunities to its stockholders.”

“这句话的意思是，你要授予 - 和国会授予那样 - 独享特权的银行，美国的，这意味着独家赚钱的机会给股东”

Historian Daniel Feller explains that the Bank of the United States helped the government to do its business effectively andefficiently. But it also helped the people who owned stock in the bank.

历史学家丹尼尔·费勒解释说，美国银行帮助政府做其业务有效andefficiently。但它也帮助了谁拥有的股票在银行的人。

During Jackson's presidency, a man named Nicholas Biddle led the Bank of the United States. Biddlewas an extremely intelligent man. He had completed his studies at the University of Pennsylvania whenhe was only 13 years old. When he was 18, he was sent to Paris as secretary to the American minister.

在杰克逊的总统，一个叫尼古拉斯·比德尔男人主导的美国银行。Biddlewas一个非常聪明的人。他已经完成了他的研究在美国宾夕法尼亚大学whenhe只有13岁。当他18岁时，他被派往巴黎作为秘书对美国公使。

During America's war with Britain in 1812, Biddle helped establish the Bank of the United States. Hebecame its president when he was only 37 years old.

在美国“战争与英国在1812年，比德尔帮助建立了美国银行。Hebecame其总裁时年仅37岁。

Biddle clearly understood his power as president of the Bank of the United States. In his mind, thegovernment had no right to interfere 5 in any way with the bank's business.

比德尔清楚地了解自己的权力作为美国银行的总裁。在他的心目中，thegovernment无权以任何方式干预银行的业务。

President Jackson did not agree. Nor was he very friendly toward the bank. Not many people fromwestern states were. They did not trust the bank's paper money. They wanted to deal in gold and silver.

杰克逊总统没有同意。也不是他向银行非常友好。没有多少人fromwestern诸州。他们不相信银行的纸币。他们想买卖黄金和白银。

Jackson criticized the bank in each of his yearly messages to Congress. He said the Bank of the UnitedStates was dangerous to the liberty of the people. He said the bank could build up or pull down politicalparties through loans to politicians.

杰克逊批评银行在每一个他每年消息给国会。他说，UnitedStates的银行是危险的人的自由。他说，银行可以建立或通过贷款政客拉下politicalparties。

Jackson opposed giving the bank a new charter. He proposed that a new bank be formed as part of theTreasury Department.

杰克逊反对给予银行一个新的宪章。他提出一个新的银行形成为theTreasury部的一部分。

Jackson Vetoed a new Charter Approved by the Senate

杰克逊否决了一项新的章程由参议院批准

The president urged Congress to consider the future of the bank long before the bank's charter was to end in 1836. Then, if thecharter was rejected, the bank could close its business slowly over several years. Changing the banking 7 system slowly,Jackson said, would prevent serious economic problems for the country.

布什总统敦促国会考虑银行的未来没过多久，银行的包机是结束于1836年。然后，如果thecharter被拒绝，银行可以慢慢停业数年。改变银行系统慢，杰克逊说，将阻止该国严重的经济问题。

But the bank’s president wanted to renew the charter early. He made the request in January 1832 — nine months before thenext presidential election.

但银行的总裁希望早日更新包机。thenext总统大选前的九个月 - 他于1832年1月提出的要求。

Jackson’s opponent, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, was sure that the issue of the bank could win him some votes. Clayargued his case on the floor of the Senate for three days. He strongly urged the Senate to renew the bank's charter. He saidthe country was in the middle of a revolution, not yet a bloody 8 revolution. But things were happening that pointed 9 to a totalchange of the pure republican character of the government. Power was being centered in the hands of one man, he said. Hemeant President Jackson.

杰克逊的对手，肯塔基州参议员亨利·克莱，是确保银行的问题可能赢得他一些选票。Clayargued他的案件在参议院的地板上三天。他强烈敦促参议院续订银行的包机。他saidthe国家是在一个革命的中间，没有一个血腥的革命。但事情发生了指向政府的共和纯字符的totalchange。权力被集中在一个人的手中，他说。Hemeant总统杰克逊。

Clay added that if Congress did not act, the government would fail. Clay then asked the Senate to condemn 10 Jackson, saying heviolated the Constitution and the nation's laws. The Senate approved the resolution.

克莱说，如果国会不采取行动，政府会失败。粘土则要求参议院谴责杰克逊说heviolated宪法和民族的法律。参议院批准了这个决议。

The chief opponent to the bank was Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri. He objected to the renewal 11 of the charter, he toldthe Senate, because the bank was too great and powerful and made the rich richer and the poor poorer.

主要对手银行是密苏里州参议员托马斯·哈特·本顿。他反对宪章的续约，他toldthe参议院，因为银行是太伟大和强大，使富人更富，穷人更穷。

The Senate finally voted on the bank's new charter. The vote was 28 for renewal and 20 against. The House voted three weekslater. It also approved the charter, 107 to 85.

参议院最终投票对银行的新章程。投票结果是28续期，20人反对。众议院投票3周后。它还通过了章程，107?85。

The lawmakers sent the bill to the White House. President Jackson debated it with members of his cabinet. Some wanted tonegotiate a compromise. But Jackson decided 12 to veto the bill in the strongest possible language.

立法者发送账单到白宫。杰克逊总统辩论与他的内阁成员。有些想tonegotiate妥协。但杰克逊决定否决该法案以最强烈的语言。

On July 10, 1832, Jackson sent a message to Congress explaining his reasoning. Jackson said he did not believe the bank'scharter was constitutional.

于1832年7月10日，杰克逊传话给国会，解释他的推理。杰克逊说，他不相信银行'scharter是符合宪法的。

Jackson also spoke 13 of the way the bank moved money from West to East. He said the bank was owned by a small group ofrich men, mostly in the East. Some of the owners, he said, were foreigners. Much of the bank's business was done in theWest. The money paid by westerners for loans went into the pockets of the eastern bankers. Jackson said this was wrong.Then the president spoke of his firm belief in the rights of the common man.

杰克逊也谈到了移动银行的钱从西到东的方式。他表示，该行是由一小群ofrich男人拥有的，大多是在东方。一些业主，他说，是外国人。大部分银行的业务是在theWest完成。按西方人的贷款所支付的钱进了东部银行家的口袋。杰克逊说，这是wrong.Then总统谈到了他在普通人的权利的坚定信念。

"It is to be regretted," he said, "that the rich and powerful bend the acts of the government to their own purposes."

“这是令人遗憾的，”他说，“认为，财大气粗的弯曲政府来达到自己的目的的行为。”

Jackson said that instead, the government should shower its favors — as heaven does its rain — on the high and low alike, on the rich and the poor equally.

杰克逊说，相反，政府应该淋浴的好处 - 如天上确实的雨 - 在高和低的一致好评，对贫富一视同仁。

Jackson’s veto of the bank bill may have cost him votes among the wealthy, but it earned him votes among the commonpeople, like farmers and laborers 14. He easily won re-election in November of 1832. Martin Van Buren became his vice president.

银行票据杰克逊的否决可能已经花费了他的票间的富裕，但他赢得了选票的commonpeople中，好像农民和工人。他轻松赢得连任在1832年十一月马丁·范布伦成为他的副总统。

Historian Daniel Feller says Jackson believed his victory meant that Americans supported his policies, including the bank veto.

历史学家丹尼尔·费勒说，杰克逊认为他的胜利意味着美国人支持他的政策，包括银行否决权。

“He had a very popular personal image. It’s possible he would’ve been re-elected by the same margin 15 or larger anyway. Theone thing we can say looking forward is that when, later on, you had somebody carrying on Jackson’s policies absolutelyfaithfully, without Jackson’s personal charisma 16, he proved to be not nearly so popular.”

“他有一个非常流行的个人形象。这是可能的，他会一直在重选由同一保证金或较大的反正。这么做的事情，我们只能说期待的是，当，以后，你不得不有人从事杰克逊的政策absolutelyfaithfully，没有杰克逊的个人魅力，他被证明是几乎没有这么受欢迎。“

Jackson Triumphed as Biddle Blamed for Financial Panic

杰克逊的胜利为比德尔指责为金融恐慌

In his second term, Jackson stopped putting federal money into the Bank of the United States. Instead, he put the money intostate banks.

在他的第二个任期，杰克逊停止把联邦资金投入到美国的银行。相反，他把钱intostate银行。

The bank president, Nicholas Biddle, fought with all his power to keep the bank open. He demanded that borrowersimmediately repay their loans. Businesses struggled without the bank's assistance. Workers lost their jobs.

该银行总裁尼古拉斯·比德尔，打了他所有的力量来保持银行开放。他要求borrowersimmediately偿还贷款。企业没有挣扎的银行的援助。工人失去了工作。

Biddle blamed President Jackson for the financial panic. And critics of Jackson’s bank policy called him “King Andrew theFirst.” But as time passed, business people began to see that the Bank of the United States was being much tighter in itsmoney policy than was necessary. They began to feel that it was the bank’s president — not Jackson — who was responsiblefor the serious economic situation in the country.

比德尔指责杰克逊总统的金融恐慌。和杰克逊的银行政策的批评称他为“国王安德鲁theFirst。”但随着时间的推移，业务人员开始看到，美国的银行是被在itsmoney政策更严格的比是必要的。他们开始觉得，这是该银行的总裁 - 不 - 杰克逊是谁responsiblefor该国严峻的经济形势。

Biddle took no responsibility for the financial crisis.

比德尔对这次金融危机概不负责。

He then made a very bad decision. Biddle asked the governor of Pennsylvania to make a speech supporting the bank. At thesame time, Biddle refused to lend the state of Pennsylvania $300,000.

然后，他做了一个非常错误的决定。比德尔问宾夕法尼亚州的州长发表演讲支持该银行。在thesame时，比德尔不肯借给宾夕法尼亚州30万美元。

The governor was furious. Instead of making a speech supporting the bank, he made one that sharply criticized it.

总督大怒。相反发表演讲支持银行，他做了一个尖锐批评。

Two days later, the governor of New York proposed that the state sell $4 or $5 million of stock for loans to help state banks. The New York legislature approved selling even more.

两天后，纽约州长提议本州卖出美元的股票4或500万美元的贷款，以帮助国有银行。纽约立法机关批准的销售，甚至更多。

Strengthening state banks helped break the power of the Bank of the United States. Nicholas Biddle began to see that the battlewas lost. He started making more loans to businesses. The economic panic slowly ended.

加强国有银行帮助打破美国的银行的权力。尼古拉斯·比德尔开始看到battlewas丢失。他开始做更多的贷款给企业。经济恐慌慢慢结束。

Jackson's victory over the Bank of the United States was clear. Biddle started to lose the support of many members ofCongress. In the House of Representatives, James Polk proposed four resolutions about the bank. One said the bank shouldnot get a new charter in 1836.

杰克逊“战胜美国的银行是清楚的。比德尔开始失去许多成员ofCongress的支持。在众议院，詹姆斯·波尔克提出了关于银行四项决议。一说银行shouldnot得到一个新的宪章于1836年。

The second resolution said government money should not be deposited in the bank.The third said the government shouldcontinue to put its money in state banks. And the fourth proposed an investigation 17 of the bank and the reasons for theeconomic panic in the country. All four of these anti-bank resolutions were approved.

第二项决议说，政府的钱不应该被存放在bank.The第三个说，政府shouldcontinue把它的钱存在国有银行。和第四提出了银行的调查和原因在国内theeconomic恐慌。这四个防银行的决议获得批准。

One of Biddle's aides described the feelings of bank officials. This day, he said, should be ripped from the history of therepublic. He said the president of the United States had seized the public treasury 6 and the representatives of the people hadapproved it.

其中比德尔的助手描述的银行官员的感受。这一天，他说，应该从therepublic的历史撕开。他说，美国总统已经占领了公共财政和人民的代表hadapproved它。

Jackson won what he himself considered a glorious triumph.

杰克逊赢得了他自己认为是一个光荣的胜利。

Another major event in Jackson’s second term was the situation in Texas. The struggle over Texas and the Battle of the Alamowill be our story next week.

在杰克逊的第二个任期的又一件大事是在得克萨斯州的情况。在德克萨斯州和Alamowill之战的斗争是我们下周的故事。

I’m Steve Ember, inviting 18 you to join us next time for The Making of a Nation — American history from VOA Learning English.

我是史蒂夫灰烬，邀请您加入我们下一次一个国家的决策 - 美国历史美国之音学英语。