时间:2019-01-08 作者:英语课 分类:GRE作文


英语课

   一篇高质量好的新GRE作文,很重要的一点就是逻辑明确。这其中需要考生们有自己的中心观点,有条理的阐述语言,以及层层递进的文章结构。所以GRE作文衔接问题对于表达逻辑的重点一方面在于GRE作文衔接上。下面就为大家从实例出发进行GRE作文解读,解读GRE写作技巧表达。


  我们首先来看下面这段话:
  Panda bear is a kind of docile 1 lovely animal in the southwest of China. Its cherubic appearance and awkward movement appeals to not only children but also adults. It symbolizes 2 the spirit of peace and harmony, which is cherished by Chinese people. Expansion of human activities to wild areas has caused a sharp decrease in the number of panda bears.
  这段话由四句组成,彼此之间存在着明显的联系,论证的都是中国大熊猫的情况。排除语法,文字优美等诸多考虑,这段话给人的感觉是四个孤立的句子,而不是一段文章。其原因之一,也被笔者认为是最重要的一个原因,是它缺乏必要的过渡(Transitions),文中主题之间缺乏有机联系导致文章缺乏必要的连贯性。这一问题也是学生在写作实践中普遍存在的现象。本文的目的就是介绍英文写作中transitions的使用。
  作为考试项目教师,出于通过考试的目的,注意在文章中必要的连接也显得尤其重要。在诸多北美考试的写作评分标准中,都出现过与之相关的要求,比如*"displays unity 3, progression, and coherence 4, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured" (iBT Independent Writing 3分评分标准)*"develops and organizes ideas satisfactorily but may notconnect them with transitions"(GRE Argument 4分评分标准)
  *"is limited in its organization or focus, or may demonstrate some lapses 5 in coherence or progression of ideas" (Sat Write an Essay 3分评分标准)各种考试中不约而同的出现对于coherence,connection,transitions等概念的要求,而且这部分做的不到位都会影响考试写作部分的成绩,其重要性可见一斑。上面三个词的翻译为"连贯性","连接"和"过渡",而connection和transitions在这里可以被理解为同义词,笔者认为就是达到coherence这一目的的重要手段之一(还有一些其他方法,比如重述和首尾的呼应)。
  那么到底甚么是Transitions呢?在GRE考试中又被称作Transitional devices,连接元件。笔者尝试对之做出定义:Transitions是出现在文章中的一种词,短语甚至句子,其目的是用来表明它前后两部分之间的逻辑关系的,它的用处是能够帮助读者自然地从作者的一个idea转移到下一个idea,使用的结果可以使文章的逻辑性更强,更加连贯。打个比方来说,它很像道路上引导旅者的标志牌(They are like the road signs that guide travelers-College Writing Skills)。之所以说"前后两部分",是因为Transitions的前后可能是两个段落,两句话,甚至两个单词,它们彼此之间都会存在各种各样的逻辑关系,比如*Addition: and, in addition, additionally, one, another, first of all, secondly 6, furthermore, moreover*Time: then, after, before, since, once, until, meanwhile, now, during*Space: next to, across, above, below, nearby*Change-of-direction: but, yet, however, otherwise, nevertheless, although, in contrast, on the contrary*Conclusion: because, so, therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, in summary, conclude其实还有很多其他关系,其他的词,这几种是比较常见的。我们发现这种transitions的出现方式非常多样,包含了很多词性:连词,介词,副词,动词等等,还有很多短语,所以把它称之为Transitional devices是非常恰当的。
  针对Transitional devices前后可以是段落,句子以及单词,我们分别举几个例子:
  *Among paragraphs:
  In the first place, human always like exploring the world around, especially mysterious fields……Besides human's curiosity, to explore dangerous fields draws them away from daily routine and boredom 7.……Finally, although these dangerous activities may not bring us any material reward, they bring forth 8 a lot of psychological benefits.……这是一篇托福作文的三个中间段的topic sentence,可以看出三段分别论证了人类参加危险运动的三条理由(好奇心,找刺激以及精神的愉悦),彼此之间的并列关系,是通过In the first place, Besides,Finally这三个Transitional devices来体现的

adj.驯服的,易控制的,容易教的
  • Circus monkeys are trained to be very docile and obedient.马戏团的猴子训练得服服贴贴的。
  • He is a docile and well-behaved child.他是个温顺且彬彬有礼的孩子。
v.象征,作为…的象征( symbolize的第三人称单数 )
  • The use of light and dark symbolizes good and evil. 用光明与黑暗来象征善与恶。
  • She likes olive because It'symbolizes peace. 她喜欢橄榄色因为它象征着和平。 来自《简明英汉词典》
n.团结,联合,统一;和睦,协调
  • When we speak of unity,we do not mean unprincipled peace.所谓团结,并非一团和气。
  • We must strengthen our unity in the face of powerful enemies.大敌当前,我们必须加强团结。
n.紧凑;连贯;一致性
  • There was no coherence between the first and the second half of the film.这部电影的前半部和后半部没有连贯性。
  • Environmental education is intended to give these topics more coherence.环境教育的目的是使这些课题更加息息相关。
n.失误,过失( lapse的名词复数 );小毛病;行为失检;偏离正道v.退步( lapse的第三人称单数 );陷入;倒退;丧失
  • He sometimes lapses from good behavior. 他有时行为失检。 来自辞典例句
  • He could forgive attacks of nerves, panic, bad unexplainable actions, all sorts of lapses. 他可以宽恕突然发作的歇斯底里,惊慌失措,恶劣的莫名其妙的动作,各种各样的失误。 来自辞典例句
adv.第二,其次
  • Secondly,use your own head and present your point of view.第二,动脑筋提出自己的见解。
  • Secondly it is necessary to define the applied load.其次,需要确定所作用的载荷。
n.厌烦,厌倦,乏味,无聊
  • Unemployment can drive you mad with boredom.失业会让你无聊得发疯。
  • A walkman can relieve the boredom of running.跑步时带着随身听就不那么乏味了。
adv.向前;向外,往外
  • The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
  • He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。
标签: gre 写作
学英语单词
'toons
absolute mean deviation
aggregometer
Agropoli
air-cooled graphite moderated reactor
aldehydic hydrogen
allomerisms
apex of earth motion
apodized aperture
beat-box
Bidens coronata
branded goods
broad-bean plants
Bulsār
candelabras
cheque board scan
cismadinone
Cleveland steamers
cmos gate array
contiguous sea area
cotton core
covariants
dahira obliquifascia
Danjuro
darkness adaption
directed set
divine-mind
dorsal tegmental nucleus
economic recession
epidote amphibolite
femtowebers
framework of fault
get too big for one's boots
hard right
Harmsworth, Harold Sidney
high-moisture grain silage
housekeeping digit
hydrofine
hydroiodination
industrial radiology
Itard-Cholewa sign
kaga
Kovel'
latricia
let something slide
manitology
meristoderm
Montsec
neutral position of brush
NOESY
nondefinable
nonstructural
observe measure s
periodontologists
physical shape
pincloth
polydelphous
polymorphic transition
poure
pure space science
quality circles
qualling
quantum step
Raphidia
recall of witness
regulize
reinforced concrete fence
renal embolism
reticulated veins
round mallet
scifier
selective conversion
self-murderer
sensitive plate processing
shaker convyer
sheet-ice
side tilt car
slimy waste material
small business management
smoothing by free hand
soil depleting crop
solar blind photomultiplier
speed matching
ST_easy-and-difficult_causing-difficulties-for-oneself-or-others
state correspondence error
strip a peg
super highway
tackle pulley
tar cooler box
telegraph selector
the book of fate
thread mill
three-putts
tighter than the barkon a tree
trisomy 18 syndrome
undivined
uniflow cooler
value insured rail traffic
wall of sound
whoopee do
Yemurtla
zookeep