时间:2018-12-01 作者:英语课 分类:高中语法汇总


英语课

助动词


.概念:


   助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.


.相关知识点精讲:


  1. 助动词be的用法


1 be +现在分词,构成进行时态。例如:


They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。


English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。


2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:


The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。


English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。


3 be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:


     a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如:


    He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。


    We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。


    说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。


     b. 表示命令。例如:


    You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。


    He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。


     c. 征求意见。例如:


    How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?


    Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?


     d. 表示相约、商定。例如:


    We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。


2. 助动词have的用法


1have +过去分词,构成完成时态。例如:


     He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。


     By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.  上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。


  2have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如:


      I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。


   3have +been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如:


      English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。


3.助动词do 的用法


1)构成一般疑问句。例如:


    Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?


    Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?


2do + not 构成否定句。例如:


    I do not want to be criticized.  我不想挨批评。


    He doesn't like to study.  他不想学习。


    In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 


过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。


3) 构成否定祈使句。例如:


    Don't go there. 不要去那里。


    Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。


说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用diddoes


4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如:


    Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。


    I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。


    I do miss you. 我确实想你。


5)用于倒装句。例如:


    Never did I hear of such a thing.  我从未听说过这样的事情。


    Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性。


说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。


6)用作代动词。例如:


    ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?


    ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.


    He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车,对吧?


4. 助动词shallwill的用法


   shallwill作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如:


   I shall study harder at English.  我将更加努力地学习英语。


   He will go to Shanghai.  他要去上海。


说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:


   He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)


   He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)


5.助动词should, would的用法


1should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称。例如:


    I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。


    比较:"What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我问道。


    可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should


2 would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称。例如:


    He said he would come.  他说他要来。


比较:"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"变成间接引语,就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成wouldgo变成了come.


6. 短语动词


  动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如:


  Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)


  短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:


1)动词+副词,如:black out


2)动词+介词,如:look into


3)动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词


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