时间:2019-01-03 作者:英语课 分类:奥运英语


英语课

   根据对ETS最新的评分标准的解读,我们发现在在0-5分的六组评分标准中,2-5分四组标准中都提到了“exemplifications”,可见举例子在托福独立写作中的基础性与重要性。举例通常用于说明不能穷举的类别,这就要选择典型、有代表性的;可以用于证明(例证法),要求有很强的相关性;也可以用于类比推理,进一步说明主题。根据例子的来源,我们可简单的将其分为“粗粮”和“细粮”。


  “粗粮”
  “粗粮”即一类人、物或事、抑或是一个公认事实的例子,说白了就是多数人都能认可的信息。学生在寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松,在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息,进行”narrow down”的工作。请看以下两个例子:
  观点1:Employers are willing to pay a premium 1 for highly qualified 2 applicants 3.
  例1:For example, international companies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
  分析: 观点中employers 和qualified applicants是相对空泛的两组词,并且构成因量和变量的关系,即应聘者的素质将随着公司性质及要求的变化而不同。例1中international companies 是employers中的一种类型,由于是跨国公司或涉外企业,就很有可能对外语有一定的要求,不难想象, highly qualified applicants 就相应体现为bilingual employees。
  观点2:Easier-prepared food has greatly improved the way people live.
  例2:Supermarket provides meat and vegetable clean and neat, some of them may even have relevant ingredients and need only a few minutes to be made into a delicacy 4.
  分析:照着“粗粮”选例的思路,我们就会去寻找本句中可以分类的一些词。很明显,Easier-prepared food可以具体到很多种食物,超市的冷冻食物,冷藏区的半成品等。同样,这种食物对不同的食客(people)也会产生不同的影响:男人做饭的积极性提高了,女人的负担减轻了,孩子的独立性也提高了。
  “粗粮”很好用,可以建立“面”对“线”的关系,营养成分高,但需要注意不能太空洞,同时也要控制量,适可而止,否则会使读者“消化不良”。
  “细粮”
  “细粮”就是具体到一个人、一个物抑或一件事,可以是具体存在,也可以无中生有。这类例子更加鲜活,要求思维活跃;如果同学们的知识面够广,又能灵活联系,那么写起来会更加得心应手。
  一方面,这类例子可以是关于普通人的,包括身边的人和自己,像你我的经历都可以往上搬嘛,但要注意能明显突出主题,论证观点;个人的例子“宁缺毋滥”。
  观点3:Poor life brings people rich experience.
  分析:对于现如今的孩子来说,从自身方面找同感,有点难,毕竟他们中有很大一部分没有过过苦日子,于是没有这方面的切身体会;但是父辈们的一句话总是在他们耳边响起,“你们现在啊,比我们那时候幸福多了!”接下来的“想当年”之类的教训就是我们可以引用的鲜活的例子。例3:My father knows what it means to live for twenty years in houses without a bathroom or running water, which makes him cherish more about the present life. 这样写就很贴切,很自然。
  另一方面,此类例子当然也可以是名人,包括健在的和去世的,流行的和过气的,东方的和西方的,名人的例子比较容易引起共鸣。
  观点4:You can not judge a person only by his or her appearance.
  例4:Susan Boyle is one of those. Such an appearance has long been rumored 5, but her incredible voice and her stunning 6 performance on BGT has won her great popularity.
  分析:如果用个大家都听说过的人或事,更容易引起共鸣,更加具有说服力。近期比较典型“人不可貌相”的例证中,相信有不少人对“英国达人秀”走出来的Susan大妈并不陌生。怎么样,很鲜活很养眼吧。有些同学的例子比较枯燥,一看到文学就举莎士比亚,一讲到科学就说爱迪生,一提到成功人士就想到比尔?盖茨。这种例子有时非但不能起到论证的效果,反而容易引起人们的反感,因为太呆板了。如果一定要用旧例,为规避风险,则应该从一个不同的角度切入——要推陈出新。旧例在翻新的时候要有亮点。
  此外,“细粮”的无中生有就是假设论证,和数学论证方法相类似。这种举例方法让读者看到未来,想到过去,从而联系现在。最常见的开头为if,supposing等。
  观点5:Individuals play a significant role in alleviating 7 traffic congestion 8.
  例5:If 30 people get on a public bus instead of 30 individual cars, there will be far fewer automobiles 9 on the road, greatly easing the traffic burden.
  分析:假设一定数量的个体共同开展减缓交通压力的行动,能够获得多大的效益——这是要说服个人加入到这个行列中来的重要理由。相反,如果没有人或很少有人采取同样的行动,后果将变得多么严重——这才是人们形成紧迫感和责任感的关键所在。
  “细粮”很生动,可以建立“面”对“点”的关系,读者容易理解,但也要注意不能松散,要跟主题紧密相关(to the point),否则宁缺毋滥。
  结语
  写作文举例子,“粗”“细”搭配更健康。那么,这些例子都去哪里找呢,小人物的真实经历,大人物的功绩故事,社会时事潮流,甚至是托福考试本身,都像一个大庄园一般,为我们的写作提供了大量的素材。在时间充足的条件下,准备长期攻破的同学们目前所需要做的,就是建立个“粮仓”,开始囤积例子吧。
  希望“福娃”们在备考过程中积累素材,建立自己个性化的“例子库”,熟练运用,从而取得写作高分。
 

n.加付款;赠品;adj.高级的;售价高的
  • You have to pay a premium for express delivery.寄快递你得付额外费用。
  • Fresh water was at a premium after the reservoir was contaminated.在水库被污染之后,清水便因稀而贵了。
adj.合格的,有资格的,胜任的,有限制的
  • He is qualified as a complete man of letters.他有资格当真正的文学家。
  • We must note that we still lack qualified specialists.我们必须看到我们还缺乏有资质的专家。
申请人,求职人( applicant的名词复数 )
  • There were over 500 applicants for the job. 有500多人申请这份工作。
  • He was impressed by the high calibre of applicants for the job. 求职人员出色的能力给他留下了深刻印象。
n.精致,细微,微妙,精良;美味,佳肴
  • We admired the delicacy of the craftsmanship.我们佩服工艺师精巧的手艺。
  • He sensed the delicacy of the situation.他感觉到了形势的微妙。
adj.传说的,谣传的v.传闻( rumor的过去式和过去分词 );[古]名誉;咕哝;[古]喧嚷
  • It is rumored that he cheats on his wife. 据传他对他老婆不忠。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • It was rumored that the white officer had been a Swede. 传说那个白人军官是个瑞典人。 来自辞典例句
adj.极好的;使人晕倒的
  • His plays are distinguished only by their stunning mediocrity.他的戏剧与众不同之处就是平凡得出奇。
  • The finished effect was absolutely stunning.完工后的效果非常美。
减轻,缓解,缓和( alleviate的现在分词 )
  • If it's alleviating pain,who knows what else it's doing? 如果它减轻了疼痛,天知道还影响什么?
  • Measuring poverty is not the same as alleviating it, of course. 当然,衡量贫困和减轻贫困是截然不同的。
n.阻塞,消化不良
  • The congestion in the city gets even worse during the summer.夏天城市交通阻塞尤为严重。
  • Parking near the school causes severe traffic congestion.在学校附近泊车会引起严重的交通堵塞。
n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 )
  • When automobiles become popular,the use of the horse and buggy passed away. 汽车普及后,就不再使用马和马车了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Automobiles speed in an endless stream along the boulevard. 宽阔的林荫道上,汽车川流不息。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
标签: 托福
学英语单词
-ica
Achārjlihi
acute angioneurotic edema
aldosteronopenia
Amherst, Jeffrey
Ashikita
automatic control unit
barbican
baron georges cuviers
base stations
baulk
bendixen
bumper book
bundle up
Chergui, Aftoût ech
comb-footed spider
course surface
creative activity
cupola bessemer electric process
desargination
dielectrocardiogram
donning
Dresdenware
etherobacillin
Ethylsuccinate
family Haemulidae
file event
filtering media
flexural critical speed
food conversion factor
functorial
gob line
heat seat
Hemangiomatous
high-Q inductor
hoaxes
iguacu
Jimmy Cagney
jobbish
Khamar-Daban, Khrebet
kneifert
left atrial wall plication
Lippman fringes
liver-blood deficiency
Lochalsh
machens
map color atlas
maritime radio telephone
mechanical selector
milliweak
Milverton
Morrisby speed test
motion with variable velocity
multifurcates
multiple causation
Myctophidae
nin
non-cyclically
nonintervisible stations
NSWTG
Nyhem
object snap setting
on blast of stove
organosilanol
Paphlagonian
paralogical
pathological gambling
petroleum transport
photoelectric sextant
player's fatigue
pressure conduit
previous carry
process specification
Rödje
scoir
simulator time
single chip computer
sirohydrochlorin
slip on a banana skin
soil nutrient bioavailability
spot cash transactions
statutory investment
steaming machine
sub-spaces
sweat rug
tesselatas
thickness sensor
time served worker
twofold degeneracy
umbelluliferous
unprofligate
urophan
Valentigney
Vers-en-Montagne
what the what
witch-doctors
xal
y-current
yank out
Yellow River
zaki
zoysia tenuifolias