Scientists Link Antarctic Ice Melt to Decline in Staple Food

By David McAlary

Ocean animals in parts of Antarctica are facing a food shortage. A new British study finds that a staple 1 of the marine 2 wildlife diet, tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill, has dramatically decreased in abundance since the 1970s.  The researchers link the decline to loss of winter sea ice and possibly global warming.
 
Krill are one of the most important animals in the Southern Ocean food chain. These tiny shellfish, up to six centimeters long, feed on microscopic 3 sea plants called phytoplankton. In turn, they are consumed by a wide range of ocean animals, including fish, whales, seals, penguins 5, and some birds. They are also a potentially valuable source of protein for humans.
 
But the British Antarctic Survey has found a dramatic drop in krill populations in the waters off the Antarctic Peninsula, a region with half of all the Southern Ocean's krill stocks. The agency compared krill records gathered by nine countries since 1926.
 
"We found in that sector 6, there was a large scale decline. And it was about, very roughly, an 80 percent decrease in krill abundance in the last 30 years," That is British Antarctic Survey marine biologist Angus Atkinson, the leader of the krill study that appears in the journal Nature.
 
Along with decreasing krill stocks, his team found a matching decline in the amount of Antarctic Peninsula sea ice in the winter. They say the reason for this apparent link may be that krill larvae 7 depend on the ice for food and shelter from predators 8 in order to grow into adulthood 9.
 
"The krill need to survive the winter period when there is very little food in the water column and at that time, the sea ice is a critical resource for the baby krill to survive the winter," he added.  "That is because there is a carpet of algae 10 attached to the underside of the ice, which acts as a concentrated food. And the overall decline in winter sea ice seems the explanation."
 
The British Antarctic Survey notes that global warming appears to be the cause for the sea ice melt. Temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have risen by two-and-a-half degrees Celsius 11 in the last 50 years. This is about five times more than the average global temperature rise.
 
Mr. Atkinson says if krill stocks fall too low, there might be detrimental 12 effects on animals that feed on it.  This is especially true of whales, whose populations already are low because of commercial hunting, now banned by an international whaling moratorium 13.
 
"After that rapid depletion 14 of whale numbers, other krill predators such as fur seals increased quite dramatically in abundance," he noted 15.  "So if whales are going to become reestablished in Antarctica, we imagine they would have to compete with all these other higher predators, and they will be faced with greater scarcity 16 of krill."
 
Mr. Atkinson says two recent studies show that the krill decline is already having an impact on some Antarctic penguin 4 species, adversely 17 affecting their foraging 18 patterns and breeding numbers.

David McAlary, VOA News, Washington.

注释：
Antarctica 南极洲
staple 主食
marine 海洋中的
shrimp 小虾
food chain 食物链
microscopic 极小的
phytoplankton 浮游植物
seal 海豹
penguin 企鹅
British Antarctic Survey 英国南极勘查组
Antarctic Peninsula 南极半岛
algae 海藻
concentrated 浓缩的
forage 觅食