时间:2019-01-03 作者:英语课 分类:2018年VOA慢速英语(五)月


英语课

New Genetic 1 Test Helps Find Food Poisoning


American scientists are using genetic markers to investigate food poisoning cases linked to romaine lettuce 2. The Associated Press reports that their use of genetic sequencing is completely changing the discovery of bacteria in food.


Genetic sequencing is being used to strengthen investigations 3 and, in some cases, find links between what once seemed to be unrelated diseases. The technology also is uncovering once unknown causes of food poisoning.


One such example involved apples covered in caramel, a popular treat in the United States.


Up to now, scientists have been looking mainly at one bacteria: listeria. But the search is expanding. By the end of this year, laboratories in all 50 states are expected to also be using genetic sequencing for more common causes of food poisoning. That includes salmonella and the E. coli bacteria linked to the romaine lettuce outbreak.


The new technique is also helping 4 disease scientists identify food contamination even before it causes people to get sick.


Lawyer Bill Marler has taken companies to court when their food products sicken people. He said the technique is changing how outbreaks are discovered.


Marler said the testing program is still young. He said it is too early to call genetic sequencing a success. But he said it may change how and when outbreaks are found.


The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, supports the program. It estimates that 48 million Americans get sick from food poisoning each year. And 3,000 of those people die from such infections.


The use of genetic sequencing involves something called whole genome sequencing, which has been used in biology for more than 20 years. A genome is a kind of genetic map. It contains all of the genetic information, or DNA 5, about an organism. DNA is short for the term deoxyribonucleic acid.


The laboratory process identifies most of an organism’s DNA. And scientists use computer programs to compare the DNA of test specimens 7 to see if they are the same as the organism and how resistant 8 they are to current medicines.


The technique makes the lab studies faster, less costly 9 and more automated 11, said Robert Tauxe, one of the CDC’s leading experts on food poisoning.


Plans are to use the technology against several bacteria that cause food poisoning. But to date, all of the tests have involved listeria. The bacteria causes around 1,600 cases of food poisoning nationwide each year. But it is a very deadly infection, killing 12 nearly one in five people who get it.


It can take weeks for people to develop signs of the disease. In the past, some patients died by the time health officials began to recognize the problem.


For nearly 15 years, from 1983-1997, only five listeria outbreaks were identified in the United States. They were relatively 13 large, with an average of 54 cases for each outbreak.


That is how it was with other food poisoning outbreaks.


Tauxe said most foodborne outbreaks were found because they happened in one place, like a town with a popular eatery where people became sick.


Outbreaks were studied by asking people what they ate before they got sick. Investigators 14 then compared notes to see what patients had in common.


But the science took a big step in the 1990s, after a major outbreak happened in the Seattle, Washington area. Four deaths and more than 700 other infections eventually were linked to undercooked hamburgers from a Jack 15 in the Box restaurant. The meat contained the bacteria E. coli.


The outbreak led the CDC to develop a program that used a technique called pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. With this, investigators could look at a bacteria’s DNA in parts. The program helped health officials more easily link cases. But it was not perfect. It was unable to make exact matches and sometimes missed when cases were related.


Then came whole genome sequencing.


The CDC began using the technique in food poisoning investigations in 2013. In the beginning, state laboratories sent samples to a CDC laboratory in Georgia for testing. Now, the CDC is working to make the technology available in all 50 states.


I'm Alice Bryant.


Words in This Story


sequencing – gerund. determining the order of, especially nucleotides in DNA or RNA or amino acids in a protein.


lettuce – n. a plant that has large leaves that are eaten especially in salads


caramel – n. a light brown candy made from butter, sugar, and milk or cream


outbreak – v. a sudden start or increase of fighting or disease


contaminate – v. to make something dangerous, dirty, or impure 16 by adding something harmful or undesirable 17 to it


specimen 6 – n. a small amount or piece of something that can be tested or examined


strain – n. a kind or sort of something


automate 10 – v. to run or operate something by using machines, computers, or something else, instead of people to do the work


match – n. a person or thing that is an exact counterpart of another



adj.遗传的,遗传学的
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
n.莴苣;生菜
  • Get some lettuce and tomatoes so I can make a salad.买些莴苣和西红柿,我好做色拉。
  • The lettuce is crisp and cold.莴苣松脆爽口。
(正式的)调查( investigation的名词复数 ); 侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究
  • His investigations were intensive and thorough but revealed nothing. 他进行了深入彻底的调查,但没有发现什么。
  • He often sent them out to make investigations. 他常常派他们出去作调查。
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的
  • The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
  • By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
n.样本,标本
  • You'll need tweezers to hold up the specimen.你要用镊子来夹这标本。
  • This specimen is richly variegated in colour.这件标本上有很多颜色。
n.样品( specimen的名词复数 );范例;(化验的)抽样;某种类型的人
  • Astronauts have brought back specimens of rock from the moon. 宇航员从月球带回了岩石标本。
  • The traveler brought back some specimens of the rocks from the mountains. 那位旅行者从山上带回了一些岩石标本。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adj.(to)抵抗的,有抵抗力的
  • Many pests are resistant to the insecticide.许多害虫对这种杀虫剂有抵抗力。
  • They imposed their government by force on the resistant population.他们以武力把自己的统治强加在持反抗态度的人民头上。
adj.昂贵的,价值高的,豪华的
  • It must be very costly to keep up a house like this.维修这么一幢房子一定很昂贵。
  • This dictionary is very useful,only it is a bit costly.这本词典很有用,左不过贵了些。
v.自动化;使自动化
  • Many banks have begun to automate.许多银行已开始采用自动化技术。
  • To automate the control process of the lathes has become very easy today.使机床的控制过程自动化现已变得很容易了。
a.自动化的
  • The entire manufacturing process has been automated. 整个生产过程已自动化。
  • Automated Highway System (AHS) is recently regarded as one subsystem of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). 近年来自动公路系统(Automated Highway System,AHS),作为智能运输系统的子系统之一越来越受到重视。
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财
  • Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
  • Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。
adv.比较...地,相对地
  • The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
  • The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
n.调查者,审查者( investigator的名词复数 )
  • This memo could be the smoking gun that investigators have been looking for. 这份备忘录可能是调查人员一直在寻找的证据。
  • The team consisted of six investigators and two secretaries. 这个团队由六个调查人员和两个秘书组成。 来自《简明英汉词典》
n.插座,千斤顶,男人;v.抬起,提醒,扛举;n.(Jake)杰克
  • I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
  • He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。
adj.不纯净的,不洁的;不道德的,下流的
  • The air of a big city is often impure.大城市的空气往往是污浊的。
  • Impure drinking water is a cause of disease.不洁的饮用水是引发疾病的一个原因。
adj.不受欢迎的,不良的,不合意的,讨厌的;n.不受欢迎的人,不良分子
  • They are the undesirable elements among the employees.他们是雇员中的不良分子。
  • Certain chemicals can induce undesirable changes in the nervous system.有些化学物质能在神经系统中引起不良变化。
学英语单词
abdominal part
absolutely stable
absorbing state
adrenochromes
aluminium foils
asymmetric transformation
banded stilts
basivertebral vein
battologized
be let in on the ground floor
body feed
Buridan's ass
cash invoice
Chorzelów
chronographer
clip off
combined vibrating roller
compensating feedback loop
conus planorbis
cost objective
cotton production
cylinder by-pass valve
D-frame
data over voice
days of rest
deglamorization
derestrict
dextrotorsion
dispersion-equalization
ditching attitude
Dohans
electrical characteristics
externally-braced monoplane
fall-out of synchronism
forecaddies
golden eagle
Goldstein-Scheerer tests
graduated string
half-hunter
Haplopappus spinulosus
have analogy to
heating system
heliotridylamine
hildebrand
hotlines
hyuck
indirect type central air-conditioning unit
Internet suffix
Izena-jima
Kurdistani
lampyridaes
leukoplania
liquid waste receiver tank
local acceptance
lsi-cml circuit technology
magnetoresistance magnetometer
merions
metal surface plasmon and second harmonic generator
minimum graph
mohs scales
natural environment management
nervi ampullaris lateralis
neverless
occasional light
once and a way
ordinary life assurance
oscillator padding
Osipa
photocell matrix
piston curl
pivot hinge
pontes
prequalified tenderer
puffest
queueing system structure
reflux column
repair of side ditch
Revere, Paul
sample-reset loop filter
Scirpus rosthornii
scornliche
separation of spinal cord and arachnoid adhesions
silicon diode array
sope
speed through the water
stellite-faced valve
Subprime Meltdown
tee-times
toll free number
toroidal discharge
transitive law
trichomonal urethro-cystitis
under constraint
undistributed score
virus diarrhea
waltz through
white cypresses
wide anode
win ... over
Yak-141
yellow-necked mice
zygomorphic pea flower