时间:2018-12-18 作者:英语课 分类:英语作文


英语课

   书信是人类交流的一种最古老也是最重要的方式之一,对于人类的交际具有重要的意义。大学生无论在何时何地,都需要因为各种原因而给相关人士写信,来表达自己的动机、目的和愿望等。书信分为私人信函和公务信函。私人信函属于非正式文体,一般是指与熟人、家人和朋友之间进行日常事务交流的信件。私人信件用词可以比较随意,但是语气要真挚。


  公务信件则属于正式文体,通常用于商务和外贸场合,以及公司与公司之间、与客户之间的业务往来等。其中最实用也是最重要的包括辞职信、请求信、建议信、求职信、道歉信、感谢信、申请信、投诉信、询问信、邀请信和祝贺信等。尽管书信类别多样,但是我们一定要牢记,所有的书信都是“万变不离其宗”,只要掌握其格式、框架和基本语气,就能够写出一篇质量上乘的书信出来。
  书信的写作格式
  当前的书信格式主要有英式和美式两种。英式结构即缩进式结构,属于比较传统的结构,即每一段的第一行都向里缩进4-8个字符,且所有段落的缩进距离必须保持一致;称呼顶格写,落款则在中间偏右的位置。美式结构则是齐头式结构,在商务英语中比较流行,尤其普遍运用于电子邮件的交流中,其特点是所有段落的第一行都顶格写,段与段之间空一行,另外称呼、落款等也都顶格写。具体如下所示:
  缩进式:
  Dear Kate,
  I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writing. I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis, and need to consult the book now and then for standard formatting 1. Thus I might need to keep the book for about a month and a half, and I hope that would not bring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I will maintain the book in good condition.
  If possible, please give me a call and I will come by your house to pick up the book. Thanks a lot.
  Yours,
  Judy
  齐头式:
  Dear Kate,
  I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writing. I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis, and need to consult the book now and then for standard formatting. Thus I might need to keep the book for about a month and a half, and I hope that would not bring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I will maintain the book in good condition.
  If possible, please give me a call and I will come by your house to pick up the book. Thanks a lot.
  Yours,
  Judy
  书信的结构:
  英文的书信结构通常包括6个组成部分:信头(heading,包括寄信人地址和日期)、信内地址(inside address,指收信人地址)、称呼(salutation)、正文(body)、结束语(complimentary)、签名(signature),有时候还包括附言(postscript)和附件(attachment)。
  称呼:
  称呼是书信的开头部分,是写信人对收信人的称谓。无论是私人信件、还是公务信件,一般都以“Dear”作为开头引出收信人的姓名和头衔。称呼的后面一般都要求加逗号。
  在私人信件中,如果写信人与收信人关系比较亲密,则称呼可以比较随意,一般都是“Dear”后面直接加人名,如“Dear Anna, Dear Tom”等;或者“Dear”后面加长辈的称呼,如“Dear Papa, Dear Aunt”;如果关系不是非常亲密,则要称呼对方的姓,写做“Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Mrs. Smith, Dear Miss Smith, Dear Ms Smith”。注意,在不知道女士的婚嫁状况的时候,宜用“Ms.”。
  在公务信件中,一般的称呼格式是在收信人头衔后加姓,或者加收信人全名。要特别注意收信人的头衔。具体称呼方式及缩写如下:
  男士:Mr.
  女士:Mrs., Ms., Miss
  教授/博士:Prof./Dr.
  市长、法官、议员或其他高官:Hon. (Honorable,即“尊敬的”)
  编辑:Editor
  不知对方姓名:Dear Sir/Sirs, Dear Madam/Madams, Dear Sir or Madam, To Whom It May Concern
  正文:
  正文一般包括三个部分。第一部分是开头,需要开门见山地说明写信的原因和目的。如果是写给不认识的人,还要加上一个简单的自我介绍。如果是回信,还要说明何时收到对方关于什么内容的信。第二部分是信的核心和主要内容,把开头提出的问题进行充分的说明和解释。第三部分是信的结尾,通常以礼貌的祝福或者愿望来结束。如:
  I am looking forward to your reply.
  Please pass my best wishes to all your family.
  结束语:
  结束语是写信人对于收信人的谦称和致敬。在私人信件中,一般可以用“Best wishes, Best regards, Best, Regards, Warmest Regards, Yours, Yours ever, Yours sincerely, Cordially”。如果是用于关系非常亲密的朋友或者亲人,则还可以用“Yours affectionately, Affectionately, Love, Lovingly, Cheers, Your devoted 2 friend, Your loving son (daughter, nephew, niece, grandson, granddaughter, father, mother, husband, wife, etc.)”。
  在公务信件中,一般可以用“Yours sincerely, yours faithfully, Yours truly, Yours respectfully, Yours gratefully, Yours cordially”等。
  特别是在给一些团体和不知名的个人的正式信件中,除了以上结束语外还可以采用以下形式:Truly yours, Sincerely yours, Faithfully yours, etc.
  英文信件结束语形式非常多,对于考生来说如果能够掌握各种情况下的不同结束语自然最好,但是对于应试来说,考生掌握一个“Yours sincerely”就可以以不变应万变,因为这个结束语普遍适用于私人和公务信件。

1 formatting
n.格式化v.使格式化( format的现在分词 );规定…的格式(或形状、大小、比例等);安排…的格局(或规格);设计…的版面
  • Select the block of text and-click and choose Default Formatting. 选择目标文字块,点击鼠标右键,选择默认格式。 来自互联网
  • There are emerging conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. 这里介绍文档字符串的概念和格式。 来自互联网
2 devoted
adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的
  • He devoted his life to the educational cause of the motherland.他为祖国的教育事业贡献了一生。
  • We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
标签: 写作
学英语单词
abrasive roll rice polishing macing
addicted
aleuronate
algolagnic
ammonolysis reaction
angiolymphatic
appreciation
atticsful
Bactrian camels
Bellis perennis
bill murray
bismutosmaltineb (bismutosmatite)
Bobandana
Carrowkeel
chasing behavior
chonglou
cock body
coded extension character
constitution day
coverage interest arbitrage
cowpea aphid
descriptive lexicology
diameter runout
direct current heating
double-platform
drinking water vendor
dynamic duty
elbow scissors
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fileout
flanchard
flux-cored welding
forfair
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giggle stick
grandniece
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herringbone tooth (double helical tooth)
homosteroids
Hypocomatina
idle air bleed
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intramedullary nail fixation instruments set
keep to themselves
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lamb's quarters
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Manol, R.
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opium eater
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Pareto law of income distribution
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push-button switch
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sector gear bearing
sex show
shaping property
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sisters-german
smelt up
sprayed-metal bonding
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star jellies
steel sheet edge folded
stick knocker
template milling
text angle
thiazepines
Tikhvinskiy Rayon
tootin
triplex chain block
uteroplacental
venture-backeds
versene-9
vertical centering alignment
walking out of mesh
water yield from snow
white-collar
wiping
yingjiangite (phosphurany)