新编大学英语阅读部分第一册Unit10-2

Unit 10
Man and Animals

After-Class Reading

PASSAGE I Should the Navy Draft Dolphins?

Proper Names

Gulf 1 of Mexico
（地名）墨西哥湾（北美洲东南的大海湾，介于美国、古巴、墨西哥之间）

James Wood
（男子名）詹姆士·伍德

Mitchell Fox
（男子名）米歇尔·福克斯

New York Times
（美国报刊）《纽约时报》

Progressive Animal Welfare Society
动物福利进步协会

Puget Sound
（地名）皮尤吉特湾（美国华盛顿州西北部太平洋沿岸的一个海湾）

San Diego
（地名）圣迭戈（美国加利福尼亚州西南部一海港，美国海军及海军陆战队基地）

Science magazine
（杂志名）《科学》杂志

the Persian Gulf
（地名）波斯湾（在伊朗和阿拉伯半岛之间）

Thomas Lapuzza
（男子名）托马斯·勒普什

Vietnam
（地名）越南

Washington
（地名）华盛顿州（位于美国西北部）


New Words

attachment 3 *
n. 关心，依恋
e.g. Mother and child form a close attachment.

capture *
v. catch an animal after chasing or following it 捕获
e.g. King Arthur himself captures the beast and cuts off its head.

click *
v. make a short hard sound or make something produce this sound 发出咔哒或喀嚓声

controversy 4 *
n. a serious argument or disagreement 争论，争议
e.g. The proposed cuts (削减) have caused considerable controversy.

court *
n. 法庭，法院
e.g. Such behavior is quite inappropriate in a court of law.

critic *
n. 批评家
e.g. Her critics accused her of caring only about success.

criticism *
n. 批评
e.g. The designs for the new mosque 5 (清真寺) have attracted widespread criticism.

device *
n. a piece of equipment intended for a particular purpose 装置，仪器
e.g. We believe that an explosive device has been left inside a container. 我们认为爆破装置留在了容器中。

dolphin *
n. 海豚

draft *
v.
1) write the first version of a letter, book, or speech 起草，草拟
e.g. Draft a proposal and we can discuss it at the meeting before any decisions are made.
2) move someone to a place to do a particular job 征募，使服役
e.g. Extra police have been drafted into the town.

echo *
n. 回声

echo-location
n. 回声定位

federal *
adj. 联邦的
e.g. The federal government controls just 6% of the educational budget.

fleet *
n. a group of ships organized to do something together, for example to fight battles or to catch fish 舰队，船队
e.g. The British fleet is sailing from Southampton early this morning.

frogman
n. 蛙人

gulf *
n. 海湾

icy *
adj. extremely cold 冰冷的
e.g. His shoes and clothing were wet through and icy cold.

immoral 6 *
adj. 不道德的
e.g. It's immoral to cheat someone out of their money.

intelligent *
adj. having the ability to think, understand, and learn things quickly and well 聪明的，有智慧的
e.g. She is a very bright and intelligent woman who knows her own mind.

jeopardize 7 *
v. cause something to be in danger of being harmed or damaged 危及，损害
e.g. She knew that by failing her exams she would jeopardize her whole future.

locate *
v. find or discover the position of something 探明，找出
e.g. I'm sorry but we can't locate your order form at the moment.

lovable *
adj. friendly and attractive 可爱的
e.g. She's a very lovable person.

Lt. = lieutenant 8
n. (美国海军) 上尉

mammal
n. 哺乳动物

military *
n. 军方
e.g. Did you serve in the military?

naval 9 *
adj. 海军的
e.g. a naval officer/museum/battle

nuclear *
adj. 核子的，核武器的
e.g. a nuclear war/a nuclear attack/nuclear disarmament (核裁军)

playful *
adj. not intended in a serious way 顽皮的
e.g. He was in a playful mood.

progressive *
adj. 进步的
e.g. The children went to progressive schools (实行进步教育法的学校).

series *
n. (单复数同) a number of things or events that come one after another 系列
e.g. He wrote a series of articles devoted 10 to modern farming methods.

sonar
n. 声纳

spokesman *
n. 发言人

submarine *
n. 潜水艇

watchdog
n. 监视者

weapon *
n. an object such as a gun, a knife, or a missile, which is used to kill or hurt people in a fight or a war 武器

welfare *
n. 福利

Should the Navy Draft Dolphins?

First they risked their lives guarding American ships in Vietnam. Next, they protected a fleet of Naval boats from mines and enemy frogmen in the Persian Gulf. Now, they may guard submarines armed with nuclear weapons in Washington's Puget Sound.
Who are they? Dolphins. The Navy plans to recruit 16 of them as underwater watchdogs. The plan has set off a storm of controversy.
The Navy recognizes that the dolphins are highly intelligent. They say dolphins are easy to train and important in protecting against surprise[1] attacks by enemy submarines.
But animal rights groups and dolphin trainers protest. They charge that it's wrong to recruit the animals in the military.
It's immoral for people to use animals in their own wars, says Mitchell Fox, of the Progressive Animal Welfare Society (PAWS).
PAWS is one of 15 animal rights groups who have joined together to take the Navy to court. The groups charge that the Navy's plan violates federal laws that protect animals from being mistreated.
For instance, says Fox, the Navy plans to use Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphins captured in the Gulf of Mexico's warm water. Putting them into Puget Sound's icy cold water could kill them, he says. One dolphin died suddenly just 11 days after arriving at the Navy's submarine base in Washington.
But the Navy says they take very good care of their dolphins. "It would be foolish to jeopardize them, mistreat them, or put them in an unsafe area," says Navy spokesman Lt. James Wood. "It would just be wasting our money and effort." In the past four years, he says, the Navy has spent $32 million training marine 11 mammals.
If the dolphins don't like the training, they can easily swim away, Lt. Wood points out. In May 1988, Science magazine reports, five dolphins had a chance to swim free when someone cut the nets at a Navy training center in San Diego. But they stayed close by. When trainers returned in the morning, the highly trained dolphins swam back in.
Much of the criticism of the program stems from the fact that we are very fond of dolphins, says Thomas Lapuzza, spokesman at the Navy's dolphin training center in San Diego. "Dolphins are cute," he told the New York Times. "They are lovable. People have an emotional attachment to them. I wish we were able to use cows. It would probably be a lot easier for us."
But cows can't do the job.
Dolphin sonar (tracking by sound) works even better than man-made tracking devices, the Navy claims. With their eyes closed, dolphins can locate a vitamin pill on the bottom of a tank.
Dolphins find things by first making a series of clicking and whistling sounds. Then, by listening to the echoes made when the sounds reflect from an object, they determine its position.[2] This system is called echo-location.
The swimming sonar comes cheap. All dolphins ask for is 20 pounds of fish a day and a few pats on the nose[3]. For the Navy, that's a real bargain. To actually make a system as good as the dolphins would be much more expensive, says Lt. Wood.
But critics wonder if dolphins can be trusted to guard nuclear weapons. Fox worries, for instance, that the animals may decide to take surprise breaks from their duties. "You only have control over them when they are hungry," he says. "Once they are full they may start being a little too playful."
Lt. Wood reports that the animals obey orders well. And he stands by his claim that we need dolphins to protect the country. (597 words)

Phrases and Expressions

armed with
provided with
e.g. I ) The suspect is armed with a shotgun.
II) She came to the meeting armed with all the facts and figures to prove us wrong.

set off
cause something to start happening
e.g. Reports that a doctor had died from AIDS (艾滋病) set off a panic among his former patients.

stand by
keep a promise, agreement, etc. or declare something is still true 坚持，遵守
e.g. I stand by what I said earlier.

stem from
develop or grow from 起源于
e.g. Her problems stem from her difficult childhood.

take someone to court 把......告上法庭
e.g. She's threatening to take me to court for not paying the bill on time.

PASSAGE II Animals on the Job

Proper Names

Gulf of Mexico
（地名）墨西哥湾（北美洲东南的大海湾，介于美国、古巴、墨西哥之间）

James Wood
（男子名）詹姆士·伍德

Mitchell Fox
（男子名）米歇尔·福克斯

New York Times
（美国报刊）《纽约时报》

Progressive Animal Welfare Society
动物福利进步协会

Puget Sound
（地名）皮尤吉特湾（美国华盛顿州西北部太平洋沿岸的一个海湾）

San Diego
（地名）圣迭戈（美国加利福尼亚州西南部一海港，美国海军及海军陆战队基地）

Science magazine
（杂志名）《科学》杂志

the Persian Gulf
（地名）波斯湾（在伊朗和阿拉伯半岛之间）

Thomas Lapuzza
（男子名）托马斯·勒普什

Vietnam
（地名）越南

Washington
（地名）华盛顿州（位于美国西北部）


New Words

attachment *
n. 关心，依恋
e.g. Mother and child form a close attachment.

capture *
v. catch an animal after chasing or following it 捕获
e.g. King Arthur himself captures the beast and cuts off its head.

click *
v. make a short hard sound or make something produce this sound 发出咔哒或喀嚓声

controversy *
n. a serious argument or disagreement 争论，争议
e.g. The proposed cuts (削减) have caused considerable controversy.

court *
n. 法庭，法院
e.g. Such behavior is quite inappropriate in a court of law.

critic *
n. 批评家
e.g. Her critics accused her of caring only about success.

criticism *
n. 批评
e.g. The designs for the new mosque (清真寺) have attracted widespread criticism.

device *
n. a piece of equipment intended for a particular purpose 装置，仪器
e.g. We believe that an explosive device has been left inside a container. 我们认为爆破装置留在了容器中。

dolphin *
n. 海豚

draft *
v.
1) write the first version of a letter, book, or speech 起草，草拟
e.g. Draft a proposal and we can discuss it at the meeting before any decisions are made.
2) move someone to a place to do a particular job 征募，使服役
e.g. Extra police have been drafted into the town.

echo *
n. 回声

echo-location
n. 回声定位

federal *
adj. 联邦的
e.g. The federal government controls just 6% of the educational budget.

fleet *
n. a group of ships organized to do something together, for example to fight battles or to catch fish 舰队，船队
e.g. The British fleet is sailing from Southampton early this morning.

frogman
n. 蛙人

gulf *
n. 海湾

icy *
adj. extremely cold 冰冷的
e.g. His shoes and clothing were wet through and icy cold.

immoral *
adj. 不道德的
e.g. It's immoral to cheat someone out of their money.

intelligent *
adj. having the ability to think, understand, and learn things quickly and well 聪明的，有智慧的
e.g. She is a very bright and intelligent woman who knows her own mind.

jeopardize *
v. cause something to be in danger of being harmed or damaged 危及，损害
e.g. She knew that by failing her exams she would jeopardize her whole future.

locate *
v. find or discover the position of something 探明，找出
e.g. I'm sorry but we can't locate your order form at the moment.

lovable *
adj. friendly and attractive 可爱的
e.g. She's a very lovable person.

Lt. = lieutenant
n. (美国海军) 上尉

mammal
n. 哺乳动物

military *
n. 军方
e.g. Did you serve in the military?

naval *
adj. 海军的
e.g. a naval officer/museum/battle

nuclear *
adj. 核子的，核武器的
e.g. a nuclear war/a nuclear attack/nuclear disarmament (核裁军)

playful *
adj. not intended in a serious way 顽皮的
e.g. He was in a playful mood.

progressive *
adj. 进步的
e.g. The children went to progressive schools (实行进步教育法的学校).

series *
n. (单复数同) a number of things or events that come one after another 系列
e.g. He wrote a series of articles devoted to modern farming methods.

sonar
n. 声纳

spokesman *
n. 发言人

submarine *
n. 潜水艇

watchdog
n. 监视者

weapon *
n. an object such as a gun, a knife, or a missile, which is used to kill or hurt people in a fight or a war 武器

welfare *
n. 福利

Animals on the Job

Animals not only make good pets, they sometimes make perfect workers—if they have the right traits and training.
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend's face. Is Allie an extremely devoted companion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.
Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve—or even save—human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" for specific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus 12, or signal), humans can teach animals to perform extraordinary tasks.
Throughout history, humans have relied on animals' traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors," says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That's because dogs have millions of olfactory 13 receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.
For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey 14 even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs may be employed to sniff 15 out illegal substances in school lockers 17 or earthquake victims buried beneath the rubble 18 of a collapsed 20 building or highway.
Primates 22 may not be good sniffers, but they can certainly lend a helping 23 hand—or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey, monkeys have opposable thumbs—thumbs that face the hand's other fingers—so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR[1].
And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.
Hurley could never dive to the depths at which whales swim, she says. But sea lions can. And whales behave naturally around sea lions because these mammals are part of the whales' natural environment—unlike humans or submarinelike research boats.
So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer: career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.
Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement[2], rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drugs. "Dogs love to retrieve 24 objects so the towel becomes a reward," says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine 25 drug-sniffing 26 program in New York.
After repeating this game of hide-and-seek[3] many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward," says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus, the dog seeks out drugs. (It's like learning to study hard for a test in order to get a good grade as a reward.)
At "Helping Hands—Monkey Helpers for the Disabled," capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.
Taking the monkeys in when they're four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That's when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.
Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch 2, or slip a floppy 27 disc into a computer drive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drink, praise, and affection. This phase of training can take a year. (686 words)

Phrases and Expressions

armed with
provided with
e.g. I ) The suspect is armed with a shotgun.
II) She came to the meeting armed with all the facts and figures to prove us wrong.

set off
cause something to start happening
e.g. Reports that a doctor had died from AIDS (艾滋病) set off a panic among his former patients.

stand by
keep a promise, agreement, etc. or declare something is still true 坚持，遵守
e.g. I stand by what I said earlier.

stem from
develop or grow from 起源于
e.g. Her problems stem from her difficult childhood.

take someone to court 把......告上法庭
e.g. She's threatening to take me to court for not paying the bill on time.

PASSAGE II Animals on the Job

Proper Names

Allie
艾莉（文中为猴名）

Arkansas
（地名）阿肯色州（美国州名）

Henderson State University
汉得森州立大学（阿肯色州）

Jennifer Hurley
（女子名）詹妮弗.赫莉

Marian Bailey
（女子名）玛丽安.贝利

Morris Berkowitz
（男子名）莫里斯.伯克威兹

Santa Cruz
（地名）圣克鲁斯（美国加利福尼亚州西部城市）


New Words

adapt *
v. make or become suitable 使适应，使适合
e.g. The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to adapt to the change.

assist *
v. help someone to do something 帮助，协助
e.g. You will be expected to assist the editor with the selection of illustrations (插图) for the dictionary.

behaviorist
n. 行为科学家

beneath *
prep.under 在......下面
e.g. She found pleasure in sitting beneath the trees.

canine
adj. & n. 犬（的）

capuchin
n. 僧帽猴

collapse 19 *
v. fall down suddenly 倒塌
e.g. Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake.

collapsed
adj. 倒塌的

command *
n. an order that should be obeyed 命令
e.g. Since he was the head of the family, his wish was a command.

conditioning
n. 训练，条件反射作用

disc
n. 磁盘

earthquake *
n. 地震

floppy
adj. soft and often hanging loosely downwards 28 松软的

floppy disc
软盘

helpmate
n. 助手，帮手

highway *
n. 公路

itch
n. 痒

locker 16
n. 可锁的衣物柜

nerve *
n. 神经

olfactory
adj. connected with the sense of smell 嗅觉的

opposable
adj. 可相对的，与其他手指相对的

paralyzed *
adj. 瘫痪的

phase *
n. a part of a process of development or growth 阶段，时期
e.g. This autumn, 6,000 residents will participate in the first phase of the project.

primate 21
n. 灵长目动物

quadriplegic
n. 四肢瘫痪者

reinforcement *
n. 强化

retrieve *
v. (formal) find something and bring it back 取回，收回

reward *
v. & n. 奖励
e.g. I ) All his hard work was rewarded when he saw his book in print.
II) My mother used to give me chocolate as a reward when I was good.

rubble
n. 碎石，碎砖

sniffer
n. 嗅探者，嗅探器

socialized
adj. 社交化的

stimulus *
n. (plural stimuli 29) 刺激物
e.g. It is through our nervous system that we adapt ourselves to our environment and to all external stimuli.

superior *
adj. better, more powerful, more effective. etc. 较好的，优良的
e.g. It makes her very angry when he says that men are intrinsically (本质上地) superior to women.

thumb *
n. 拇指

towel
n. 毛巾

trait *
n. (formal) a particular quality in someone's character 特征，特性

unscrew *
v. 拧开

video *
adj. 录像的，录影的

video camera
摄像机

videotape
n. 录像带

washcloth *
n. 浴巾

washroom *
n. 盥洗室，厕所

whale
n. 鲸鱼

Animals on the Job

Animals not only make good pets, they sometimes make perfect workers—if they have the right traits and training.
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend's face. Is Allie an extremely devoted companion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.
Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve—or even save—human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" for specific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals to perform extraordinary tasks.
Throughout history, humans have relied on animals' traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors," says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That's because dogs have millions of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.
For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs may be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rubble of a collapsed building or highway.
Primates may not be good sniffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand—or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey, monkeys have opposable thumbs—thumbs that face the hand's other fingers—so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR[1].
And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.
Hurley could never dive to the depths at which whales swim, she says. But sea lions can. And whales behave naturally around sea lions because these mammals are part of the whales' natural environment—unlike humans or submarinelike research boats.
So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer: career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.
Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement[2], rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drugs. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward," says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.
After repeating this game of hide-and-seek[3] many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward," says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus, the dog seeks out drugs. (It's like learning to study hard for a test in order to get a good grade as a reward.)
At "Helping Hands—Monkey Helpers for the Disabled," capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.
Taking the monkeys in when they're four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That's when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.
Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer drive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drink, praise, and affection. This phase of training can take a year. (686 words)

Phrases and Expressions

adapt to
change something or someone to suit different conditions or uses
e.g. The good thing about children is that they adapt very easily to a new environment.

based on 以......为基础
e.g. The figures are based on average market prices.

head up
be in charge of a government, organization or group of people
e.g. He was chosen to head up the team investigating the situation.

in response to 作为反应
e.g. In response to your inquiries 30, we regret to inform you that we cannot help you in this matter.

lend... a (helping) hand
help
e.g. I'd be glad to lend a helping hand.

seek out
keep looking for someone or something until you find them 找出
e.g. Now is the time for local companies to seek out business opportunities in Europe.

sniff out
find something (as if) by smelling
e.g. I ) A police dog, trained to sniff out explosives (炸药), found evidence of a bomb in the apartment.
II) Her job is to go around the big fashion shows sniffing out talent for a modeling agency (模特代理公司).

speaking of 说到
e.g. Well, speaking of vegetables, do you want more carrots?

take... in 接纳，吸收
e.g. The new town takes in three former villages.

track down
find someone or something that is difficult to find 找到，捕获
e.g. I finally managed to track down the book you wanted in a shop near the station.