考研英语翻译 考生常见五大困境分析
一、先介绍一下考研英语翻译的命题形式:
根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲的规定,考研翻译属于阅读理解的一部分,其命题形式是英译汉,“主要考查学生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个划线部分(约150词)译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺”。翻译部分的总分值为10分(每题2分),占全部试卷的10%。
下面是2009年考研翻译的实例:
Part C Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive 1. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward 2 off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic 3 labor 4, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product 5 of the institution noted 6, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness 7 and thrift 8, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.
But in dealing 9 with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate 10 human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition 11, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively 12 human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.
(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling 13. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling 14 needed dispositions 15 into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.
46.可以说,衡量任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验的影响,但是这种影响并不是它最初动机的组成部分。
47.只有逐步才能注意到一种制度的副作用,而要承认这种副作用是执行该制度的一种规定性因素则更加缓慢。
48.在和年轻人交往时,我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们性格的影响,但是在与成人打交道时却并不如此容易。
49.既然我们的主要任务是让年轻人参与共同生活,我们禁不住要考虑是否我们正在形成获得这种能力的力量。
50.因此,我们要在从一直考虑的整个教育过程中辨认出一种比较正规的教育——直接教育或者学校教育。
经过对考研大纲和真题的解读,我们认为考研翻译部分的总体要求应该是“译文准确、完整、通顺”,这与翻译的一般标准“忠实而通顺”是基本一致的。“准确、完整”就是要“忠实”于原文,把原文的内容完整而准确地表达出来,不能对原文做任意的增加或删减。“通顺”,指的是译文的语言要逻辑通顺,符合汉语的语言文字规范,没有明显的“翻译腔”。
总之,要符合“准确、完整、通顺”的考研翻译标准,译文必须在完整而准确表达原文内容的基础上符合汉语的表达规范,没有逻辑错误、语言歧义、晦涩难懂等现象。
二、考研翻译的评分标准
根据大纲规定,考研翻译的评分标准如下:
阅读理解C节: 5小题,每题2分,共10分。
如果句子译文明显扭曲原文意思,该句得分最多不超过0.5分。
如果考生就一个题目提供了两个或两个以上的译法,若均正确,给分;如果其中一个译法有错,按错误译法评分。
中文错别字不个别扣分,按每题累计扣分。每三个错别字扣0.5分,无0.25扣分。
三、历年考研翻译考题的特点分析
下面是自1990年以来考研翻译部分的主要内容及体裁:
根据对近年来考研翻译真题及命题形式的分析和研究,我们可以发现考研翻译基本具有以下几个明显的特点:
首先,体裁固定,但内容广泛。近年来,考研翻译短文的体裁基本上是议论文,内容比较广泛,主要涉及人们所普遍关心的社会、政治、经济、文化、科技、道德、历史、文化、哲学、心理等问题。
其次,难度趋向稳定,更加注重考查考生的综合能力。尽管考研大纲经过了几次调整变化,但考研翻译的变化不大,其基本要求主要还是考查学生对语言的综合运用能力。对整份试卷而言,试题的难度保持在中等偏难的水平,而且基本趋于稳定,不会有大起大伏的变化。
再次,句型结构复杂,词义灵活多变。尽管考查点比较灵活多变,但主要还是以长难句、结构复杂句为主,以考查学生根据上下文准确理解概念并用汉语正确予以表达的能力为主。
四、考生常见困境分析
大部分考生都觉得考研翻译很难,但对难点的认识却各不相同。归纳起来看,主要有以下几种类型:语法知识缺乏型、词汇缺乏型、翻译知识缺乏型和学习态度消极型。
1、语法知识缺乏型的考生一般认为句子结构太复杂,难以理解。按照考研英语大纲的要求,考生需要准确理解结构较复杂的英语文字材料。句子结构是英语大厦的支柱,学会分析句子结构是学好英语的必要前提。英文是一种结构严谨的形合性语言,大部分的英文正式材料基本上是用复杂长句写成的。所以,根据考研大纲的要求,结合英译汉翻译的实践,笔者以英语句子结构知识为出发点,辐射到篇章、段落、句子和词语的翻译技巧,从宏观到微观,将考研翻译中涉及的方法和技巧汇集成本书,希望能起到抛砖引玉的效果,让考生从中学到一些“渔技”。
2、词汇缺乏型的考生一般觉得生词太多,放眼望去,茫茫一片,不知所云。按照考研英语大纲的规定,在英译汉中一般不会有超纲词汇出现,尤其是在所需翻译的150词中,可以说95%以上的单词都是考研大纲规定要求掌握的词汇,都应该是各位考生所熟悉的词汇。由此可知,感觉生词多的考生的词汇量极小,语言基础也比较差,需要大幅度增加词汇量,最起码应该先把考研大纲要求的词汇背下来。
3、翻译知识缺乏型的考生一般觉得心理明白却不知如何表达。心里明白,说明基本上认识英文,但不一定真懂原文的意义;写不出来,说明缺乏英译汉的必要技巧或缺乏驾驭汉语表达的能力。一方面,经过一段时间的复习备考之后,考生接触过大量的英文材料,具备了一定的词汇和语法知识,许多单词看起来都很面熟,但事实上离真正掌握和熟练运用的差距还很大。因此,虽然说心里明白,其实只是认识英文,并没有完全读懂原文的意义。另一方面,由于考生平时缺乏翻译练习和实践,缺乏对英汉两种语言差异性的认识,往往“只见英文不见中文”或者“只见中文不见英文”,缺乏必要的翻译知识和技巧,所以就会有写不出来的感觉。建议这类考生,认真理解、深入学习已经熟悉的词汇和语法知识,多注意英汉表达方式的差异,掌握一些英汉两种语言相互转化的基本方法和技巧,加强翻译实践练习,以进一步提高理解英文和表达译文的能力。
4、态度消极型的考生只知道一个“难”字,“知其难而不知其所以难”。知道难,说明自身知识缺乏;不知道难在哪里,说明态度消极,对此根本不重视。这种考生的学习态度本身就有问题,只有转变态度,认真对待,变消极为积极,才能找到自己的不足之处和差距所在。
5、作为一门学问,翻译可谓博大精深,要求译者具有较高的语言修养和灵活处理两种语言的能力。但是,任何学问都有一定的规律和一些基本的方法和技巧,英汉翻译也不例外。所以,要做好考研翻译的试题,除了具备一定的词汇量和文化背景知识外,广大考生还必须要掌握一些基本的英译汉的翻译方法和翻译技巧,更需要具备一种“打破沙锅问到底”的锲而不舍的积极的学习心态。只有这样,才能以不变应万变,在来年的考研翻译中取得理想的成绩。
- The police could not find a motive for the murder.警察不能找到谋杀的动机。
- He had some motive in telling this fable.他讲这寓言故事是有用意的。
- The hospital has a medical ward and a surgical ward.这家医院有内科病房和外科病房。
- During the evening picnic,I'll carry a torch to ward off the bugs.傍晚野餐时,我要点根火把,抵挡蚊虫。
- The way he works isn't very systematic.他的工作不是很有条理。
- The teacher made a systematic work of teaching.这个教师进行系统的教学工作。
- We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
- He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
- Freedom is the by-product of economic surplus.自由是经济盈余的副产品。
- The raw material for the tyre is a by-product of petrol refining.制造轮胎的原材料是提炼汽油时产生的一种副产品。
- The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
- Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。
- Aunt Harriet could not find words to praise Bessie's industriousness and efficiency. 哈丽特不知该用什么言辞来赞扬贝西的勤奋与高效。 来自新概念英语第三册
- They have brought to our country an industriousness that boosts our economy. 他们带来的勤奋精神促进了我们经济的发展。
- He has the virtues of thrift and hard work.他具备节俭和勤奋的美德。
- His thrift and industry speak well for his future.他的节俭和勤勉预示着他美好的未来。
- This store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.该商店因买卖公道而享有极高的声誉。
- His fair dealing earned our confidence.他的诚实的行为获得我们的信任。
- His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
- We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。
- He has made a good disposition of his property.他已对财产作了妥善处理。
- He has a cheerful disposition.他性情开朗。
- "Public risks" is a recent term for distinctively high-tech hazards. “公共风险”是个特殊的高技术危害个人的一个最新术语。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
- His language was natural, unaffected, distinctively vivid, humorous and strongly charming. 语言既朴实无华,又鲜明生动,幽默而富有艺术魅力。
- A child's access to schooling varies greatly from area to area.孩子获得学校教育的机会因地区不同而大相径庭。
- Backward children need a special kind of schooling.天赋差的孩子需要特殊的教育。
- Make sure your subordinates understand your sense of urgency and work toward instilling this in allsubordinates. 确保你的下属同样具备判断紧急事件的意识,在工作中潜移默化地灌输给他们。 来自互联网
- We got out some information about the enemy's dispositions from the captured enemy officer. 我们从捕获的敌军官那里问出一些有关敌军部署的情况。
- Elasticity, solubility, inflammability are paradigm cases of dispositions in natural objects. 伸缩性、可缩性、易燃性是天然物体倾向性的范例。