时间:2018-12-08 作者:英语课 分类:VOA标准英语2013年(六月)


英语课

 


Dogs Against Rabies in East Africa



Rabies is a global health issue, claiming fifty to sixty thousand lives every year. Most of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The rabies virus is usually transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected dog. Because children are the most susceptible 1 to attacks by rabid dogs, they account for the vast majority of deaths.


Veterinarian Guy Palmer is conducting research in Tanzania on a sustainable rabies vaccination 2 program.


Palmer explained, “If we can get around 60% we can actually control a disease outbreak. We don’t need to vaccinate 3 every dog. We need to vaccinate somewhere around 60%. So, the question becomes, can you actually achieve that level of vaccination in a low resource setting?”



Palmer has a PhD in infectious diseases and is an adviser 4 to the Global Development Program at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.


He and his colleagues work with community leaders to arrange dog vaccination clinics.  Word spreads quickly and people gather with their animals. But Dr. Palmer was surprised when he saw the dog owners.


“Children own these dogs,” he said. “They bring with them their vaccination cards and it’s amazing the percentage that we have that have the vaccination card from a previous trip.  We come every year to each village. In general, these families don’t have a lot of papers and certificates. They tend to put a value on those they have.”



While the vaccination effort has been successful, Palmer says there’s more to do to make it sustainable over the long-term.


“We now have about 15 years of experience with this. And if you continue these vaccination campaigns, you completely suppress rabies. The challenge is how do you get away from this model we have now, which is donor 5 driven. It costs us about three dollars to vaccinate a dog in those regions and that’s not something that’s, at the moment, sustainable by either the individuals nor by the government. Using country-wide approaches, it’s possible to actually move rabies out of a region and then vaccinate only around the periphery 6 to control the disease.  To do that what we’ve really got to do is reduce costs,” he said.


About one dollar of the vaccine 7 cost is keeping it cold. Fortunately, silk polymers have the potential to revolutionize the storage of vaccines 9. Strands 10 of silk proteins are purified from silkworm cocoons 11 and are incorporated into the vaccine serum 12. The silk polymers don’t affect the vaccine’s effectiveness, but they stabilize 13 the serum so that it doesn’t degrade under high temperatures. These polymers can protect vaccines at up to 45 degrees Celsius 14 for more than six months. The vaccines remain more than eighty percent potent 8 despite storage at these temperatures.


Dr. Palmer says there’s another way to reduce costs, as well.


“Working with the communities to get them to vaccinate is one of the major goals we have because that will reduce one of our other major costs, which is transport. If we can actually get the vaccines there, then they can maintain them locally and do the local vaccinations,” he said.


Dr. Palmer’s rabies vaccination studies may present other healthcare opportunities. The vaccination clinics could also be used to provide care and treatment for children when they bring their dogs to be vaccinated 15.






1 susceptible
adj.过敏的,敏感的;易动感情的,易受感动的
  • Children are more susceptible than adults.孩子比成人易受感动。
  • We are all susceptible to advertising.我们都易受广告的影响。
2 vaccination
n.接种疫苗,种痘
  • Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
  • Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。
3 vaccinate
vt.给…接种疫苗;种牛痘
  • Local health officials then can plan the best times to vaccinate people.这样,当地的卫生官员就可以安排最佳时间给人们接种疫苗。
  • Doctors vaccinate us so that we do not catch smallpox.医生给我们打预防针使我们不会得天花。
4 adviser
n.劝告者,顾问
  • They employed me as an adviser.他们聘请我当顾问。
  • Our department has engaged a foreign teacher as phonetic adviser.我们系已经聘请了一位外籍老师作为语音顾问。
5 donor
n.捐献者;赠送人;(组织、器官等的)供体
  • In these cases,the recipient usually takes care of the donor afterwards.在这类情况下,接受捐献者以后通常会照顾捐赠者。
  • The Doctor transplanted the donor's heart to Mike's chest cavity.医生将捐赠者的心脏移植进麦克的胸腔。
6 periphery
n.(圆体的)外面;周围
  • Geographically, the UK is on the periphery of Europe.从地理位置上讲,英国处于欧洲边缘。
  • The periphery of the retina is very sensitive to motion.视网膜的外围对运动非常敏感。
7 vaccine
n.牛痘苗,疫苗;adj.牛痘的,疫苗的
  • The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
  • She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。
8 potent
adj.强有力的,有权势的;有效力的
  • The medicine had a potent effect on your disease.这药物对你的病疗效很大。
  • We must account of his potent influence.我们必须考虑他的强有力的影响。
9 vaccines
疫苗,痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 )
  • His team are at the forefront of scientific research into vaccines. 他的小组处于疫苗科研的最前沿。
  • The vaccines were kept cool in refrigerators. 疫苗放在冰箱中冷藏。
10 strands
n.(线、绳、金属线、毛发等的)股( strand的名词复数 );缕;海洋、湖或河的)岸;(观点、计划、故事等的)部份v.使滞留,使搁浅( strand的第三人称单数 )
  • Twist a length of rope from strands of hemp. 用几股麻搓成了一段绳子。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • She laced strands into a braid. 她把几股线编织成一根穗带。 来自《简明英汉词典》
11 cocoons
n.茧,蚕茧( cocoon的名词复数 )v.茧,蚕茧( cocoon的第三人称单数 )
  • The silkworms have gone into the bushes to spin their cocoons. 蚕上山了。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • In two more days the " little darlings" would spin their cocoons. 再得两天,“宝宝”可以上山。 来自汉英文学 - 春蚕
12 serum
n.浆液,血清,乳浆
  • The serum is available to the general public.一般公众均可获得血清。
  • Untreated serum contains a set of 11 proteins called complement.未经处理的血清含有一组蛋白质,共11种,称为补体。
13 stabilize
vt.(使)稳定,使稳固,使稳定平衡;vi.稳定
  • They are eager to stabilize currencies.他们急于稳定货币。
  • His blood pressure tended to stabilize.他的血压趋向稳定。
14 Celsius
adj.摄氏温度计的,摄氏的
  • The temperature tonight will fall to seven degrees Celsius.今晚气温将下降到七摄氏度。
  • The maximum temperature in July may be 36 degrees Celsius.七月份最高温度可能达到36摄氏度。
15 vaccinated
[医]已接种的,种痘的,接种过疫菌的
  • I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
  • Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗?
学英语单词
acceptance supra-protest
advanced software environment
antifading antenna
Arabian Plate
arterio-dialysis
athyroid
attrition test
b. m. thyreohyoidei
balloon filter
benziodoxole
boil-eddy
bushites
cancrinite nordsjoite
ceramic-based
cercospora hyalospora
circumscribing square
clamshell brake
coaxial line oscillator
cockpit atmospheric pressure regulation system
collision stress
commutated doppler
couson
crurotarsans
decutient
delimiting period
dislocation formation
djp
e1
Edward River
erwinia tracheiphila (e.f.smith) holland
extension blocks
Fludara
foramina rotundum
foxtail grass
get around to sth
green revolution?
hackensack
hamonic mixer
hemispherical shell
home shopping
hydroxypetachloride
incrementals
indirectness
joistless
kosar
Kyburg paradox
language ability code
Lanlate
length-to-diameter(ratio)
low pressure flame
low priority traffic
mail virus
medical-student
mesophylic
method of calling
method of orthogonal projection
Meynet's nodes
microengine
mimeography
Mont Cenis, L.du
Neilston
nettle-leaved bellflower
oblique-swimming triplefin
package tours
party election
Pedomicrobium ferrugineum
perispermum
piezoelectric ceramic tuner
planetary monsoon
plastic art
power window
propaquizafop
qutab
radial route
RDPS
realismo
replugged
rondeaux
sales executive
script language
shore sth under the carpet
skift
source level interactive debugger
specialized foreign-trade corporation
spheric conductor
subqualities
sulfocarbamide
sweet flavo(u)r
taa-
telecounter
terminal assessment
tie-line interchange
total pressure of fan
tractor drive shaft
tral
trimerthadione
twifold
unaltered rock
uncapitalise
unmaximizes
wheelable
yn