时间:2019-02-17 作者:英语课 分类:考研英语


英语课

   四、不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语


  (1)不定式作定语。
  A.不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系,例:
  He was the last one to leave school yesterday.
  昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
  B.不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系,例:
  She has a lot of work to do in the morning.
  早上她有很多工作要做。
  C.不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去,例:
  There is nothing to worry about.
  没有什么值得发愁的。
  D.不定式修饰一些抽象名词如:
  ability能力,本领ambition抱负,野心campaign战役,运动chance机会courage勇气decision决定determination决心,决定drive赶,驾驶effort努力,尝试failure失败,不及格force力,压力intention意向,意图method方法,方式motive动机,目的movement运动,活动need需要,需求opportunity机会promise许诺,希望reason理由,原因light光,光线,亮光struggle奋斗,努力,斗争tendency倾向,趋势wish希望,愿望,祝愿。
  (2)分词作定语。
  分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
  A.现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
  B.现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或己做完(完成)的事。
  He rushed into the burning house.
  他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
  The child standing 1 over there is my brother.
  站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
  (3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
  一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:
  Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
  你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
  Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
  你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?
  五、不定式和分词作状语
  (1)不定式作结果状语
  A. He lived to be a very old man.
  他活得很长。
  In 1935 he left home never to return.
  1935年,他离开家再没有回来。
  B. so+形容词(或副词)+as to...,例:
  The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.
  这房子又高又窄,像一座塔。
  C. such+名词短语+as to...,例:
  His indifference 2 is such as to make one despair 3.
  他如此冷冰冰的,令人感到绝望。
  D. only to...竟然……(表示与预料相反的结果),例:
  He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
  他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
  E.形容词(或副词)+enough(副词)to...,够,足以,例:
  The room is big enough to hold a hundred people.
  这房间大得足以容纳一百人。
  (2)分词作状语
  分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式和伴随情况。在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时,通常可转换为相应的状语从句,表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。
  Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,they stood up.)
  学生看见老师走进房间,都站了起来。
  (3)分词作状语与主语的关系。
  A.现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。例:
  Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.
  由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
  B.过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
  Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.
  如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
  (4)分词作状语时前面可用连词。
  When, while, once, if, unless, though等引导的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语相同时,可保留该副词连接词,其余部分则化简为分词短语。
  When (being) free,I’ll fetch you.
  有空时,我会来接你。
  (5)分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致,否则分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构,或独立主格。例如:
  The rainshavingsstopped,the soldiers continued their match.
  雨停后,战士们又继续行军。
  (6)分词作连词引导状语从句。
  这些分词有:provided 4 (or provided that),providing that, supposing, seeing (that), considering等。如:
  You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
  如果你不介意搭夜班火车,你就能早点儿到北京开会。
  (7)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别。例:
  They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.
  他们站在路边谈论着这个计划(伴随)
  The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.
  这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架(结果)
  六、非谓语动词常考的其他结构
  (1)疑问词+不定式结构。
  疑问词who, what, which, when, where,和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:
  When to start has not been decided 5.
  何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
  (2)不带to的不定式。
  A.在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:feel觉得observe注意到,看到overhear听到watch注视notice注意listen to听see看见hear听perceive察觉,感知look at看
  B.另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let, have等。如:
  I would have you know that I am ill.
  我想要你知道我病了。
  〈注〉:①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式一般需带to,如:
  He was seen to come.
  别人看到他来了。
  ②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
  He was surprised to find the sheep(to) break fence at this season.
  他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
  C.在do nothing/anything/everything but (except)结构中。例如:
  Last night I did nothing but watch TV.
  昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
  但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but (except)所跟的不定式则仍须带“to”。例如:
  The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.
  医生除了让他戒烟,其他什么都没有说。
  (4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
  A.不定式的逻辑主语为:for+名词(或代词宾格)+不定式。例如:
  I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.
  我发现他一个人干这活是不可能的。
  B.动名词的逻辑主语为:①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词s+动名词。例如:
  Tom insisted on my going with them.
  汤姆坚持要我和他们一起去。
  C.某些形容词,如:careless, clever, considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, nice, silly, stupid等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。
  It is very kind of you to help me.
  你帮助我太好了。

n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
n.不感兴趣,不关心,冷淡,不在乎
  • I was disappointed by his indifference more than somewhat.他的漠不关心使我很失望。
  • He feigned indifference to criticism of his work.他假装毫不在意别人批评他的作品。
vi.灰心丧气,感到沮丧绝望;n.绝望,沮丧
  • If you are in the depths of despair,you will be extremely unhappy.如果你彻底地失望,你会十分不开心。
  • Don't despair;things will get better soon.不必绝望,事情不久就会好起来。
conj.假如,若是;adj.预备好的,由...供给的
  • Provided it's fine we will have a pleasant holiday.如果天气良好,我们的假日将过得非常愉快。
  • I will come provided that it's not raining tomorrow.如果明天不下雨,我就来。
adj.决定了的,坚决的;明显的,明确的
  • This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
  • There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。
标签: 非谓语动词
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