2007年VOA标准英语-Tensions Mount Over Forces in Europe

By André de Nesnera
Washington, D.C.
08 June 2007

A meeting bringing together the 30 signatories of the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty begins in Vienna, Austria on Tuesday, June 12.  The special session was called by Russia, which has announced that it will stop complying with the provisions of the pact 1.

 







The Conventional Forces in Europe, or CFE, Treaty was signed in November 1990 between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, and the Warsaw Pact -- the east and central European military alliance led by the Soviet 2 Union.

Treaty Provisions

The CFE pact set limits on the number of combat aircraft, attack helicopters, heavy artillery 3, battle tanks and divisions that could be deployed 4 between the Atlantic Ocean and Russia's Ural mountains.

Robert Hunter, former U.S. ambassador to NATO in the Clinton administration, says the treaty's main goal was to reduce the Warsaw Pact's overwhelming superiority in conventional weapons.

"The Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty is a legacy 5 of the Cold War. It was originally negotiated in order to make the conventional force balance between NATO and the Warsaw Pact more transparent 6 and more predictable, to reduce the chances of conflict -- not so much by design as by accident -- and also to enable countries to reduce the overall level of expenditure 7 in what was becoming an outmoded confrontation 8 which fortunately eventually came to an end,” says Hunter. “It limited certain kinds of equipment, particularly the expensive, heavy stuff like artillery and tanks, and also said that if forces would move from place 'X' to place 'Y', notice had to be given to the others."

Progress Stalled

But in July 1991, less than a year after the treaty was signed, the Warsaw Pact collapsed 9.  And in December of that year, the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

Wade 10 Boese, from the Arms Control Association, a private research firm, says the CFE treaty was suddenly outdated 11. "So in 1999, the state parties got together and said this treaty was still a worthwhile thing, 'Let's revise it to reflect current reality.' So essentially 12, what they did was they shifted the treaty from one that would focus on balancing the two blocs 14 to one that imposed national limits on each of the state parties. So this is what is referred to as the 'adapted treaty.' So there is a transition from bloc 13 limits to national limits," says Boese.

The treaty cannot enter into force until all the current 30 states sign and ratify 15 the revised agreement.  Boese says to date, only four have done so -- Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.

"The NATO countries, the NATO members who are participants in the treaty, are withholding 16 ratification 17 until Russia fulfills 18 some commitments that it made in 1999 to withdraw its military forces from Georgia and Moldova, which it has not done," says Boese. “Russia is making progress on the Georgian withdrawal 19.  It is supposed to close its last two remaining bases by the end of 2008.  But there has been really little progress in Moldova since 2004.  And at this time, approximately 1,300 Russian troops still remain in Transnistria.  And that is a point of contention 20."

But experts such as Robert Legvold from Columbia University in New York City say Moscow rejects NATO's view. "The Russians maintain that that is not a formal linkage 21 and therefore the issue of the materiel and men in Transnistria and what remains 22 in Georgia should not be a holdup for the ratification of the CFE," says Legvold.

U.S. - Russia Tensions

Russian President Vladimir Putin



To show his displeasure with NATO's stance, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced in April a moratorium 23 on compliance 24 with the pact.  And he called for a special meeting of the CFE signatory parties -- a session that will begin Tuesday.

“I should point out that the moratorium was not immediate 25 and has yet to take effect.  The Russians are still implementing 26 the CFE treaty today.   What Putin said was that we would institute a moratorium if talks with NATO countries do not prove productive." says Wade Boese from the Arms Control Association.

Experts say President Putin's threat has heightened tensions between Russia and the United States that are already running high over a series of issues.  These include Washington's withdrawal from the 1972 Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty, the plan to extend anti-missile defenses in Poland and the Czech Republic, and the use by NATO of bases in Bulgaria and Romania.

Former U.S. ambassador to NATO Robert Hunter says the Russians see these measures as further proof that NATO is moving into territories Moscow used to claim as its own.

"And I must say the Russians are not entirely 27 without merit.  Ten years ago, almost exactly, on May the 27th, Russia and NATO signed a thing called 'The NATO-Russia Founding Act.'  And in that, NATO did have certain unilateral restrictions 28 it placed on itself. It said, for example, that it would not engage in 'additional permanent stationing of substantial combat forces in central Europe,'" says Hunter. "Now the Russians would say that NATO-U.S. plans to put forces in Bulgaria and Romania violate that.  Reasonable people can disagree.  But in effect, this is Putin saying, 'I'm back, I'm standing 29 tall; pay attention to me.'"

Tensions between Washington and Moscow overshadowed the just completed G-8 summit in Germany.

Experts do not expect any major breakthroughs in the near future.  But they say it is a good sign that presidents Bush and Putin will meet one-on-one in early July in Kennebunkport, Maine -- at the estate of Mr. Bush's father -- to try to resolve key differences.