VOA标准英语2010年-1001 Inventions and Muslim Heritage

Coffee, computers and piston 1 engines - could we imagine a world without them?  These are intricate parts of every day life for most of us and the knowledge that led to them was either invented by or passed down through the ancient Muslim world.  That's the theme of an exhibit in London's Science Museum and it's a far cry from the view held by some that the Muslim and Western World represent a "clash of civilizations".

It has become an intricate part of so many cultures - that cup of coffee - latte, cappuccino, espresso.  It's "Kawha" - where it was first developed as a drink - in the Arabian Peninsula, in today's Yemen.

Professor Salim al Hassani of the University of Manchester explains the coffee beans were actually brought to Yemen, from Ethiopia. "Well of course, coffee was invented in the very early years of Islam - a guy called Khaled in Ethiopia, a young man looking after his sheep," he said.

The sheep seemed to like the beans. So the young man took the beans to Yemen - the story goes -- and the drink was developed.

And there were many other inventions or innovations passed on by the early Muslim world from the 7th Century onward 2. "One of them is the invention of the university.  This was done in the year 850 by a young lady called Fatima al-Firhi in the city of Fez in Morocco.  The first university as we know it in the world, giving degrees and so on," he said.

And that's the theme of this exhibit at the London Science Museum.  It's called 1001 inventions: the Muslim Heritage - a bit like "1001 Arabian Nights" the well known fairy tale.

But, the exhibit here focuses on scientific or technological 3 inventions and advances that changed our world -- from some of the earliest universities, to innovations in medicine, hygiene 4, pumps, and water wheels.

"Forgotten history?  Not really. Ask just about anyone on the streets of Cairo or Damascus today and they'll readily tell you about Islam's glory days - not just its conquests but its cultural, scientific and technological innovations."

These advances came at the height of the Islamic empire's glory when it spread from the Middle East, across North Africa to southern Spain and beyond. "During that time, which is about 1,000 years, there were enormous contributions in science and technology, that came to us from other civilizations over another very important civilization and that is the Muslim civilization," he said.

Muslims absorbed knowledge - from India, China, the Greeks, the ancient Egyptians - and passed it on, a bit like this replica 5 of the elephant clock designed by the Muslim inventor, mathematician 6 and engineer al Jazari in the early 13th Century.

Anne Marie Brennan teaches forensic 7 biology at London's South Bank University and is fascinated by these innovations. The clock with its giant Indian elephant and Chinese dragons is her favorite. "The elephant clock is wonderful because it is like a United Nations clock. It has all the elements of different civilizations and I like it as a scientist because it shows that science doesn't have to be boring and sterile 8 and plain, but it can be decorative 9 and it can also pay homage 10 to the cultures that bring it forward," she said.

And then there is mathematics and algebra 11. In general, our numbers are known as Arabic numerals today, but it wasn't always so. "The numbers that we have today - 1,2,3,4 - they're called Arabic numerals, but actually the Arabs at the time called them Indian numerals," he said.

And, the number "0" for example - "zephir" in Arabic - was used first by early Arab scholars as an integral part of mathematical equations.  And that's part of the all-important formula of zeros and ones that was crucial to the development of computers and other new technology.

And, much like coffee, what would we do today without it?