时间:2019-02-01 作者:英语课 分类:英语作文


英语课

文献是原始文献的代表,它提供了原始文献的信息内容,但不能代替原始文献(即一次文献),因为其内容已大大简化。


  文献本身给读者一个信息,即该篇文献所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要问题,帮助科技人员决定这篇文献对自己的工作是否有用。
  《美国工程索引》(The Engineering Index)是世界最有名也是最大的检索刊物之一。每月出版一期月刊,报导世界工程文献文摘一万三千至一万四千条,每期有刊附的主题索引与作者索引,每年还另出版年卷本和年度素引,年度索引还增加了作者单位索引,出版形式有印刷版(期刊形式),电子版(磁带)及缩微胶片,曾出版过检索卡片,已于75年停止发行。
  文摘的种类(Type of Abstracts)
  按美国工程信息公司编辑部(Ei编辑部)的分类,文摘分为指示性文摘与信息性文摘,或者两者结合的文摘。
  信息性文摘(Information Abstracts)一般包括了原始文献某些重要内容的梗概,主要由以下三部分组成:
  (1)目的:主要说明作者写此文章的目的,或说本文主要要解决的问题。
  (2)过程及方法:主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也包括众多的边界条件,使用的主要设备和仪器。
  (3)结果:作者在此工作过程最后得到的结果和结论,如有可能,尽量提一句作者所得结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。
  信息性文摘多用于科技杂志或科技期刊的文章,也用于会议录中的会议论文及各种专题技术报告。
  指示性文摘(Indicated Abstracts)仅指出文献的综合内容,适用于综述性文献,图书介绍及编辑加工过的专著等。综述性文献最常见的如某技术在某时期的综合发展情况;或某技术在目前的发展水平,及未来展望等。总之这种文献是综述情况而不是某个技术工艺,某产品,或某设备的研究过程。
  一般情况下信息性文摘占有绝大部分比例。
  文摘长度(Length of the Abstracts)
  文摘长一般不超过 150 words,不少于 100 words,少数情况下可以例外,视原文文献而定。但主题概念不得遗漏,据统计如根据前述三部分写文摘一般都不会小于 100 words。另外,写,译或校文摘可不受原文文摘的约束。
  一般缩短文摘方法如下:
  (1)取消不必要的字句:如“It is reported... ”“Extensive investigations 1 show that…”“the
  author discusses…”“This paper concerned with…”
  (2)对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化;
  (s)取消或减少背景情况(Background Information)
  (4)限制文摘只表示新情况,新内容,过去的研究细节可以取消;
  (5)不说废话,如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进”切不可进入文摘;
  (6)作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘;
  (7)尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元,如:
   
  此外请注意:文摘第一句话切不可与题目(Title)重复,因Ei中每篇文摘记录都是与题目连排的,只是题目用黑体排印,因此可认为题目便是文摘的第一句话,遇到此种重复情况请改写。
  例如;不用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE H CENTER IN LIF. A wave function for the H center in LiF is proposed assuming a linear combination of appropriate molecular 2 orbits.The…”
  而用“WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE H CENTER IN LIF.a linear combination Of appropriate molecular orbit is assumed.The…”
  文体风格(styles)
  (1)文摘叙述要简明,逻辑性要强;
  (2)句子结构严谨完整,尽量用短句子;
  (3)技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准;
  (4)用过去时态叙述作者工作,用现在时态叙述作者结论;
  如:“The structure of dislocaton core in Gap was invstigated by weak-beam electro microscope. The dis- locations are dissoclated into two shokley partial with separations of 80土10 and 40土10 A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.”
  (5)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式;
  如:用“Thickness of plastic sheets was measured”
  不用“Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made”
  (6)注意冠词用法,分清a是泛指,the是专指;
  如“Pressure is a function of temperature”不应是“Pressure is a function of the temperature ”
  “The refinery 3 operates…”不应是“ Refinery operates…”
  (7)避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词,可用预置短语分开或用连字符(hyphen)断开名词词组,
  作为单位形容词(一个形容词)。
  如应用“The cholorine-containing propylene-baseed polymer of high meld index”代替The cholorine con- taining high melt index propylene based polyin.”
  (8)不使用俚语,外来语表达概念,应用标准英语;
  (9)尽量用主动语态代替被动语态;
  如;“A exceed B”优于“B is exceeded by A”
  (10)语言要简练,但不得使用电报语言;
  如:“Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper 4 chronite investigation”应为“Adsorption of nitrobenzene on cop- per chronite was investigated.”
  (11)文词要纯朴无华,不用多姿多态的文学性描述手法;
  如:“Working against time on hot slag 5 and spilled metal in condition of choking dust and blinding steam,are conditions no maker 6 would choose for his machines to operate in.”
  (12)组织好句子,使动词尽量靠近主语;
  例如不用:“The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment 7 in dioxane,which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation,was no longer irreversible.”
  而用:“When the pigment was dissoved in dioxane,decolorization was irreversible after 10hr of UV irra- diation”
  (13)用重要的事实开头,尽量避免用辅助从句开头;
  例如用:“Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined 8 from data obtained experi-mentally.”而不用“From data obtained experimentally,power consumption of telephone switching systems was determind.”
  (14)删繁从简;
  如用 increase代替 has been found to increase
  (15)文摘中涉及他人的工作或研究成果时,尽量列出他们的名字;
  (16)文摘词语拼写,用英美拼法都可;但每篇中应保持一致;
  (17)英文题目开头第一字不得用 The,And,An和A;
  (18)题目中尽量少用缩略词,必要时亦需在括号中注明全称(尽管中文文献题目中常用英文缩略字或汉语拼音缩略字),特殊字符及希腊字母在题目中尽量不用,或少用。
  文摘中的特殊字符(Special Characters)
  特殊字符主要指各种数学符号及希腊字母,对它们的录人,Ei有特殊的规定,希望在文摘中尽量少用特殊字符及数学表达式,因为它们的输入极为麻烦,而且易出错,影响文摘本身的准确性,应尽量取消或用文字表达。

(正式的)调查( investigation的名词复数 ); 侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究
  • His investigations were intensive and thorough but revealed nothing. 他进行了深入彻底的调查,但没有发现什么。
  • He often sent them out to make investigations. 他常常派他们出去作调查。
adj.分子的;克分子的
  • The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
  • For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时,分子的碰撞就停止了。
n.精炼厂,提炼厂
  • They built a sugar refinery.他们建起了一座榨糖厂。
  • The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。
n.铜;铜币;铜器;adj.铜(制)的;(紫)铜色的
  • The students are asked to prove the purity of copper.要求学生们检验铜的纯度。
  • Copper is a good medium for the conduction of heat and electricity.铜是热和电的良导体。
n.熔渣,铁屑,矿渣;v.使变成熔渣,变熔渣
  • Millions of tons of slag now go into building roads each year.每年有数百万吨炉渣用于铺路。
  • The slag powder had been widely used as the additive in the cement and concrete.矿渣微粉作为水泥混凝土的掺和料已得到广泛应用。
n.制造者,制造商
  • He is a trouble maker,You must be distant with him.他是个捣蛋鬼,你不要跟他在一起。
  • A cabinet maker must be a master craftsman.家具木工必须是技艺高超的手艺人。
n.天然色素,干粉颜料
  • The Romans used natural pigments on their fabrics and walls.古罗马人在织物和墙壁上使用天然颜料。
  • Who thought he might know what the skin pigment phenomenon meant.他自认为可能知道皮肤色素出现这种现象到底是怎么回事。
adj.坚定的;有决心的
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
学英语单词
acoustic damping parameter
actual sin
alternative depth
Barber, Samuel
beyonces
bruichladdich
budget study
Cajnice
Cayley graph
cextract
collapse model of corporate image
commutative primitive
concrete bathing and mixing plant
contray
coping style
crawler width
dcASM
deciseconds
demme
deslime
dextrinizing
distillate hold-up tank
divvies
edeagra
electronical integration assembly
eloping
eurotra
eutopium chelate laser
flexible polymer
free setting ratio
frictionary
g-cal,g-cal.
Gaius Cassius Longinus
giant oarfish
graphic symbol
Great Abaco
guaethol
heartachingly
hexosemonophosphate pathway
ideation management
information group seperator
internetize
inworks
ISDS
Islamophile
kamimuria lepida
labour saving device
lexical redundancy rule
main patent
mantel-tree
material requested
maturation zone
maximum water holding capacity
MEAP
merchandise inventory initial
mode simulator
mpri
n-resonance
NAPG
nazek
NPRINT
oil gaging tape
olazbal
operating system service
ototoxicology
paddy field
pail for used dressings
pepsinogen-ii
picture synchronization transmission system
platinum-wire ring
PMS
popistry
Presumed Choice of Law
radial armature
rammer
recompensers
reinventive
renipelvic
resin catcher
right most terminal set
rudder-head shaft
self-cleaning contacts
Serratia marcescens
sexual harassment in the workplace
sit for the examination
skill worker
stand someone up
steinhorn
stratocumuli
Strömfors
study hall
subsultive
talent introduction
tertiary constriction
tie something up
tolui
torpedo testing barge
unaddicted
Valley Stream
variable geometry aircraft
whitemetal lining
wrastle