PBS高端访谈:十月的就业报告仍显示经济利好

 　　JUDY WOODRUFF: This month's jobs report was the first one since the government shutdown that captured some of its wider impact. It also came one day after a government report found stronger-than-expected growthin the U.S. economy just before the shutdown.

　　NewsHour economics correspondent Paul Solman puts some perspective on the latest data, part of his ongoingcoverage on Making Sense of financial news.
　　PAUL SOLMAN: It was a tale of two jobs reports. Employers added 204,000 jobs in October, yet the unemployment rate rose to 7.3 percent. How could both happen? Well, first, unemployment is based on a survey of households, the jobs number, on a separate sample of employers, the so- called establishment survey.
　　MICHAEL STRAIN, American Enterprise Institute: The fact that the data come from two different surveys means that it's natural that from time to time you are going to see them telling different stories.
　　PAUL SOLMAN: And surveys, of course, have margins 1 of error. So, any conclusion, we asked Michael Strain of the conservative American Enterprise Institute.
　　MICHAEL STRAIN: There is a tepid 2 recovery; we are adding jobs, but we're not adding enough jobs. Unemployment rate is -- The unemployment rate is doing OK, but it's not falling nearly fast enough. And we have alot of work left to do before the labor 3 market is healed.
　　PAUL SOLMAN: Dean Baker 4 is, if you will pardon us, top dog at the left-leaning Center for Economic and Policy Research. Never trust any one month's numbers, he says, but while not the best of times, October certainly wasn't the worst. In fact:
　　DEAN BAKER, Center for Economic and Policy Research: Over 200,000 jobs being created in October, I think more -- more than I expected, more than most economists 5 expected, and upward revisions for the priortwo months. So we're averaging over 200,000 the last three months, which is better than what we have seen.
　　PAUL SOLMAN: Actually, the 16-day shutdown delayed the jobs report by a week, which, Strain says, warped 6 the final numbers.
　　MICHAEL STRAIN: The household survey asked households for their employment status during the week that contains the 12th the month. Collection usually begins immediately thereafter. In this case, the governmentwas shut down, so collection efforts were delayed by a week. So you're asking households to remember what they were doing two weeks ago, as opposed to remember what they were doing one week ago.
　　And while that may seem like a minor 7 change to a lot of people, evidence shows that changes like that can actually have a big impact on the quality of the data.
　　PROTESTER: End the shutdown!
　　PROTESTERS: End the shutdown!
　　PAUL SOLMAN: What's more, explains Baker, temporarily furloughed federal workers were counted as unemployed 8 in the household survey, since, technically 9, they weren't working. That hurt the unemployment rate.
　　DEAN BAKER: So the household survey showed a drop in employment, in government employment of about 450,000. So, these are people that were employed by the federal government, presuming mostly employed by the federal government. They're on furlough. They don't -- they're asked, were you working the week of the 12th? Answer, no.
　　PAUL SOLMAN: But when it came to the establishment survey, government agencies reported these workers didhave jobs. Regardless, the private sector 10 added far more jobs than expected, even during the shutdown.
　　DEAN BAKER: I was actually surprised. It's hard-pressed to find any evidence of the shutdown in the sectors 11 I was looking to. I was looking at places like restaurants, hotels, because I was expecting that you had areas -- the national parks were closed, here in D.C., a lot of the tourist sites. People -- if you wereplanning a trip to D.C., I assume a lot of people canceled.
　　So, I would have expected that there would be some falloff there. In fact, there was very rapid growth, over 50,000 jobs in that amusement-entertainment sector of the economy. So, you're really hard-pressed to find the evidence of the shutdown in the establishment survey.
　　(APPLAUSE)
　　PAUL SOLMAN: During a speech today at the Port of New Orleans, President Obama offered his own framing ofthe report.
　　PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: We added about 200,000 new jobs last month. But there is no question that the shutdown harmed our jobs market. The unemployment rate still ticked up, and we don't yet know all the data for this -- this final quarter of the year. But it could be down because of what happened in Washington.
　　PAUL SOLMAN: The White House's estimate of the shutdown's cost: more than $2 billion in back pay and lots of lost productivity.
　　And, says Michael Strain, the shutdown means the data are even less certain than usual.
　　MICHAEL STRAIN: But I would expect that next month's to be much more reliable than this month's.
　　PAUL SOLMAN: The never-ending story will pick up again on December 6.