英语写作中的选词和造句
英语写作中的选词和造句
众所周知,词汇(Vocabulary)是构成语言的最小单位。因此,要想写出一篇好的文章,首要的一点就是要尽可能多地熟悉和掌握英语词汇。一般来说,掌握的词汇越多,运用英语的能力也会越强。那么怎样才能扩大词汇量呢?最佳方法之一是大量阅读。同学们可以选择适合自己程度的多种英语书籍、报刊、画册来阅读。在阅读过程中,由于单词、词组的反复出现,同学们也就能反复接触到这些单词和词组,从而巩固所记的词汇。同时通过文章、句子学习词语,对词语的意义、用法能理解得更深、更全面,这样也就更容易记忆了。单词是学习语言的一个重要环节。要通过各种方法去记忆、理解、运用所学的单词,扩大自己的词汇量,为下一步进行熟练写作打下坚实的基础。
在掌握了一定数量的基础词汇后,就要选词进行写作训练了。要学会用最有用也最常用的词来表达自己的思想。用词组句往往没有统一的标准,但一定要注意将正式用语与非正式用语、书面语与非书面语区别开来。还要清楚各类词的特点和在句子中的功用,能熟练地进行词与词的搭配组合。
关于词汇就简单地说这些吧。下面该谈谈如何才能写出好句子了。那么什么样的句子才算好句子呢?
如何造句?——1.句子要完整。完整是好句子的第一要点。
2.句子要连贯。所谓连贯,一是指意思上的连贯;二是指结构上的连贯。也就是说一个句子不仅要做到思想内容的和谐,还要做到遣词造句的和谐。例如: Tell my friend if she is at home,I will go to see her.
该句因语序的关系,使意思不明确。如果 my friend与she是同一个人,我们应该说:If my friend is at home,tell her I will go to see her.如果不是同一个人,就应说:Tell my friend I will go to see her if she is at home.
又如:An Indian 1 came 2 into the doctor's door,and walked quickly to the waiting room.
该句两部分不合乎思维顺序,动作没有按先后排列,所以造成了语无伦次。应改为:
An Indian came into the waiting room,and walked quickly to the doctor's door.
以上从内容上分析了句子的连贯性。即写句子要保持自然的语序,让意义紧密相连的词紧挨在一起,同时各部分要按一定的逻辑排列。
3.句子须简洁。句中不应有任何不必要的词。只要意思充分地表达了,用词越少越好。用词过多只会使意思更加模糊不清,而不是更加清楚。
4.句子要重点突出。凡是重要的意思都应在表达时予以强调。为此说话时人们可用各种方法,如提高声音、放慢语速、使用短句或加上手势等。写文章时,也可以使用倒装、感叹、重复、反问等方法对应该强调的词语或句子加重语气。一般情况下,一个句子的开头和末尾是比较引人注目的地方。如:There was 3 an old woman at the head of the queue 4.这是一般的表达方式。但可进行这样改:At the head of the queue was an old woman.通过这种结构的改变分别突出了at the head of the queue以及an old woman.这样句子就显得非常生动有力。
5.句子要多样化。句型的多样化,对好的文章来说是必不可少的。好几句长短相同、结构相似的句子连在一起,如果又用同一个名词或代词作主语,必然会显得很单调。为多样化起见,短句和长句,简单句、并列句和复合句等都应交错使用。也可偶尔用一个问句、祈使句或感叹句,但是不要只是为了多样化而频频变换句型。
6.句子要一致。一个句子无论长短应当只有一个中心思想。句中的词、短语应当紧紧围绕这一中心思想服务。如果时而谈甲,时而谈乙,则会破坏句子的一致性。如: Class Three have a map,and the map is on the wall of their classroom,it's a map of China.
此句在语法和词汇上都没有什么错,但由于东拼西凑,让人不知所云。如果将这一大句改为三个短句,使每句都有一个中心思想,那么就条理清楚,意义明确了。试比较: Class Three have a map.The map is on the wall of their classroom.It's a map of China.
句子的一致性是一个句子的意思清楚与否的关键。要达到一致性就要保持主语的一致、思想的完整、逻辑的合理和修饰的紧密。如: I opened the door,and the cat was under a desk,and the desk was black.
这个句子意思混乱,因为主语不断改变。如果我们用I作全句主语,并作适当删改,则句子简单明了,意思清楚而且句子紧凑。比较一下: I opened the door and found 5 the cat under a black desk.
上面谈了一下什么样的句子才是好句子。那么同学们在平时写作中经常犯些什么错误呢?一般有以下几种:
1.语序错误。句子语序有自然语序和倒装语序两种。一不注意就会出错。例如:
Could 6 you tell me where is the park?→ Could you tell me where the park is?
What a beautiful girl is she!→ What a beautiful girl she is!
2.句子中时态、语态的错误。英语中常用时态有一般式、现在式和完成式。语态有主动语态和被动语态,一定要正确使用。如:
The house has been built 7 five years ago.→ The house was built five years ago.
The bike hasn't returned 8 yet 9.→ The bike hasn't been returned yet.
3.句子中出现不平行结构。平行结构类似汉语的排比句式,它常常用同样的格式表达两个以上平行内容。平行结构可以是单词、短语或分句。如:
We can get there either 10 by car or taking a bus.→ We can get there either by car or by bus.
She likes studying English but she doesn't like English grammar 12.→ She likes studying English but she doesn't like studying English grammar.
4.串句。串句是指两个以上的句子串写在一起,中间不见标点,不见连词,造成结构层次不清,逻辑意义混乱。改正方法:用标点(逗号、分号或句号)将串句点开;添加适当连词,使句子形成并列或主从关系,用修饰语替换其中一个或几个句子,使整个句子变成修饰语的简单句。如:
Everybody 13 thinks a king 11 can do he wants to do.→ Everybody thinks a king can do what he wants to do.
5.汉语式英语。英汉两种语言在表达习惯上有很大差异,要注意别犯汉语式英语错误。如:
This morning has no classes.→ There are no classes this morning .
Although 14 he is over 60,but he is very healthy.→ He is over 60,but he is very healthy.→ Although he is over 60,he is very healthy.
除了上面所述外,对英语的五种基本句型和其他常见句型也要了如指掌,只有这样才能写出清楚、正确的句子来。在进行英语写作时,一个同样的意思,常可用同义或近义词语表达,或用不同的句型结构来表达。因此,平时,多做一些句型转换训练是非常有必要的。下面做几个小题练练吧!
改错:
①She has finished 15 the writing 16 yesterday.
②To study English well,England is the best place to go.
③I don't know when we will have a meeting 17 and where the meeting will be held.
④He very likes English.
⑤What you mean?
Key:
①He finished the writing yesterday./He has finished the writing.
②To study English well,the best place for you to go is England.
③I don'tknow when and where we will have a meeting.
④He likes English very much.
⑤What do you mean?
- Is that indian tea or chinese tea?那是印度茶还是中国茶?
- One day they met an old Indian who lived there.一天他们碰到一位当地的老印第安人。
- I was surprised why he came here so early.他为什么那么早到这里,我很惊奇。
- The doctor came in time to save his life.医生及时来抢救他的生命。
- To what window are you standing in a queue?你在排哪个窗口的队?
- I had to queue for quite a while.我不得不排一会儿队。
- I found him at home.我发现他在家。
- The United Nations was found in 1945.联合国于1945年成立。
- Could I open the window?我可以打开窗子吗?
- I could wait ten minutes.我可以等十分钟。
- My father built his business on years of hard work.我父亲多年奋斗创立了自己的事业。
- Ten years later,the school built out two buildings.10年后这个学校又增建了两栋建筑。
- He resigned as Home Secretary and returned to the back benches. 他辞去了内政大臣的职务,回到后座议员席。
- The painting has been returned to its rightful owner . 这幅画已归还给合法所有权人。
- I am not ready yet.我还没有准备好。
- Beautiful as she is,she didn't find a boyfriend yet.尽管她很漂亮,但还没找到男朋友呢。
- I have bought two books,you can have either.我买了两本书,你要哪一本都可以。
- I don't think either of them are at home.我想他们中任何一个都不在家。
- I find German grammar very difficult.我发现德语语法很难学。
- He spent much time correcting my grammar.他花了很多时间来改我的语法错误。
- Christmas is a holiday for everybody.圣诞节是所有人的节日。
- It is difficult to find a time that suits everybody.很难找到一个对每人都合适的时间。
- Although my car is very old,It'still runs very well.我的汽车虽然很旧,但仍然跑得很快。
- Although he worked hard,he failed in the exam.虽然他很努力,但他考试没有及格。
- We finished up everything there was on the table. 我们把桌上的东西全吃完了。
- We can certainly have the job finished on time.我们肯定能按时完成任务。
- I am also writing a short story.我也写短篇小说。
- Do you like writing for children?你愿意为儿童写作吗?