2006年VOA标准英语-A Difficult Year in Iraq, With Changes Ahead

By Al Pessin
Washington
19 December 2006

2006 was a difficult year in Iraq, with increasing violence and a shift toward more sectarian clashes and more civilian 1 casualties. The result was a defeat for President Bush's Republican Party in congressional elections in November, the departure of Defense 2 Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and a major review of U.S. Iraq policy. VOA Pentagon Correspondent Al Pessin looks at the past year in Iraq, and at what lies ahead.

 
US troops inspect the site following an explosion in Kirkuk, 1 Dec 2006
Since U.S.-led troops invaded Iraq in 2003, coalition 3 forces have been dealing 4 with terrorist attacks from groups like al-Qaida and a mainly Sunni Muslim insurgency 5 involving angry supporters of the former ruler, Saddam Hussein. Even so, political developments proceeded, including the writing of a constitution and a series of elections resulting in the seating of Iraq's first democratic government in April.

But during the four months it took Iraqi political leaders to agree on that government, an event happened that had an at least equally profound impact on how the year unfolded. In February, Sunni insurgents 6 bombed and severely 7 damaged the gold-domed Askiriya Shrine 8 in the town of Samara. Assistant Secretary of Defense Peter Rodman says with that attack, the Sunni extremists succeeded in what they had failed to accomplish during two previous years of insurgency.

"I used to say that the strategic prize in Iraq was the political process. The insurgents were trying to derail the political process, and they were consistently failing to achieve this. The tragedy of Iraq is that in February, in Samara, the insurgents achieved what one could call a partial strategic success, namely to trigger what we've been dealing with ever since, which is the cycle of sectarian violence," he said.

According to a Pentagon report issued in December, that violence has resulted in a sharp increase in attacks and in Iraqi civilian casualties. That trend has continued, particularly in Baghdad, in spite of a small increase in the U.S. troop presence and growing capabilities 9 in the Iraqi security services. And the report acknowledges that the new Iraqi prime minister, Nouri al-Maliki, has failed to convince factional leaders to reign 10 in their militias 11 and kidnapping and death squads 12.

In August, the commander of U.S. forces in the Middle East, General John Abizaid, told Congress conditions exist in Iraq that could plunge 13 the country into civil war. Many analysts 14 say they believe that has already happened.

One result of the deteriorating 15 situation was the formation early in the year of a group of 10 senior former U.S. officials to study what the United States can do to restore order in Iraq, stabilize 16 the government and move toward a situation in which U.S. troops can be withdrawn 17. In December, the Iraq Study Group issued a damning evaluation 18, stated by cochair Lee Hamilton.

 
Lee Hamilton 
"The situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating," he said.

The group recommended that the mission of U.S. troops be changed to focus on training Iraqi forces, that the Iraqi government establish milestones 19 for national reconciliation 20 and move toward them, and that the United States launch a regional dialogue on Iraq, including talks with Iran and Syria. The report says if all that and many other factors fall into place, it might be possible to start withdrawing U.S. troops in 2008.

The report was controversial and provocative 21, and is now only one of many documents President Bush is using in his review, along with reports from the State Department, the National Security Council and top U.S. military officers. The president is also consulting with the new defense secretary, Robert Gates, and others as he moves toward a decision expected in January.

 
Robert Gates appears before US Senate Armed Services Committee, 5 Dec 2006 
At his confirmation 22 hearing, Gates had this exchange with Senator Carl Levin, who becomes chairman of the powerful Senate Armed Services Committee in January.

Levin: "Mr. Gates, do you believe that we are currently winning in Iraq?

Gates: "No, sir."

But Gates made clear that allowing the insurgents and militias to prevail in Iraq would be devastating 23 for the Iraqi people, and for the United States. President Bush says he does not intend to let that happen. "I'm going to continue making decisions based on what I think is right for the country. I've never been one to try to fashion the principles I believe, or the decisions I make, based upon ... short-term popularity. But the reality is ... that it's a tough fight, and we're going to win the fight. And I truly believe the only way we won't win it is if we leave before the job is done," he said.

Officials are not saying which options the president favors for his new policy, but proposals have included everything from a large short-term increase in U.S. troops in Iraq to a fairly rapid withdrawal 24 starting immediately. Secretary Gates says there are no new ideas on Iraq, and that the challenge is to combine existing ideas into a strategy that will work.

Former senior Pentagon official Lawrence Korb, who now does research at the Center for Defense Information, has a similar view. "There are no good options. I think if we knew the good option, we would embrace it. But we have no good options. You have to basically choose the option that maximizes the chances to achieve a reasonable outcome, and also protects your overall security interest," he said.

U.S. officials say all the bad news from Iraq this past year has obscured many positive developments. They point to an increase in the numbers and capability 25 of the Iraqi army and police, the handover of many parts of the country to Iraqi security control, improvements in performance at Iraqi government ministries 26 and some increase in the availability of public services. They also note that a U.S. air strike killed the leader of al-Qaida in Iraq, Abu Musab Zarqawi, in June. And officials cite the trial of Saddam Hussein for crimes against humanity. He was convicted in November and sentenced to death by hanging.

But U.S. officials also acknowledge that the situation in Iraq deteriorated 27 badly in 2006, and that something must be done to reverse the trend in 2007.

"As a matter of humanitarian 28 concern, as a matter of national interest and as a matter of practical necessity, it is time to find a new way forward, a new approach," said Iraq Study Group co-chair James Baker 29.

That is what President Bush has promised will come early in the new year.