时间:2018-12-01 作者:英语课 分类:2018年VOA慢速英语(四)月


英语课
  “托福阅读考试的词汇题往往是考生心中的“送分题”,因为大家觉得只要背了单词,考的词都背过,一篇文章四道词汇题,全部GET!
  听起来好简单对不对!感觉好容易有没有!
  可是啊……
  问题的关键在于。。。单词没背过!
  更大的关键在于。。。单词背错了!
  这哪里是“送分题”?简直是“送命题”!
  看一道托福考试官方指南里的一篇文章《Desert Formation》中的题目:
  There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid 1 lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological 2 balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena 3 along the desert margins 4, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.
  The word “delicate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
  ○fragile
  ○predictable
  ○complex
  ○valuable
  大家第一反应就是——“这个词我背过!”
  第二反应就是——“我X,这个词啥意思来着!好像有一大堆意思咧!”
  于是脑海里开始闪回这样的画面:
  请问,亲爱的ETS祖宗,到底你想考哪个意思?
  然后开始陷入深深地纠结——
  一分钟过去了。。。这个词好像是“精美的”,是“好”词,那就应该选一个“好”的意思,嗯,估计是考valuable。
  两分钟过去了。。。不对,我记得还有一个意思是“精细的”,会不会就是很“高端”的赶脚,很“复杂”的赶脚?嗯,应该是complex。
  五分钟过去了。。。可我怎么觉得我还背过一个意思是“易碎的”啊!会不会太“脆弱”,那就是fragile?
  一个小时过去了。。。阅读考试结束。
  大家发现问题出在哪里了吗?不是你单词没背过,而是单词你背“过”了!
  我们站在考官的角度想想,作为一个阅读考试出现“词汇题”,真的只是考你单词认不认识、背没背过吗?那这样的话何必不专门弄一个单词测试,列出100个单词,让你直接选单词意思得了呗(可参考十年前的GRE考试形式)。
  那我们从阅读文章本身角度想一想,这个单词并不是一个孤立出现的“词”,而是在文章中某一句话中所承载的一个“信息”。那么我们就可以从这句话本身来作为切入点,看看这句话提供了什么语义线索,让我们替换这个词之后语义不变。
  The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.
  这句话中间有一个很明显的表示“并列”关系的逻辑词and,那么以and为中心,前后分成两个半句,我们分别来看一下:
  前半句——沙漠边缘的半干旱土地存在于一个(什么样的)的生态平衡中。
  后半句——沙漠边缘的半干旱土地来适应越来越大的环境压力的潜能非常受限。
  and连接的逻辑其实非常简单易懂,就是前后方向相同。举一个烂大街的例子:I love you and you love me.我爱你,你爱我,我们相爱。所以从逻辑角度我们判断,后半句如果说“潜能受限”是一个不太乐观的情况,那么反推前半句,这种“生态平衡”应该也是不乐观的。简单来说,后面“坏”词,前面也不能是“好”词。
  这样再看四个选项,那些所谓的表示“精美”、“精细”、“复杂”的“好”词就可以扔掉了,选择fragile“脆弱的”就在情理之中。
  “逻辑关系”是阅读能力的非常重要的体现,也是托福阅读考试不可忽视的一个考察点。如果能把我们解决这种词汇题的视角放在逻辑层面,那么我们的做题过程就会变得轻松省时很多。
  我们再来看TOEFL Practice Online中一篇文章《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》里的一道题:
  Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax 5 communities all over the world are being severely 6 damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic 7 explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
  The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to
  ○increases proportionally
  ○differs
  ○loses significance
  ○is common
  大家第一反应,“pale”这个词我背过,“面色苍白无力”的赶脚!可是再看选项还是觉得“这是什么鬼”。所以我们不要纠结浪费时间,把视角放在原文原句,看看有什么逻辑关系能帮我们找到切入点。
  The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.
  翻译一下:举例来说,由某某火山喷发导致的毁灭与由人类导致的毁灭对比起来(怎么样)。
  这句话的逻辑关系也极其明确,就是in comparison to“对比”关系。那要想知道“人类引起的毁坏”和“火山喷发引起的毁坏”相比到底是什么样,更重还是更轻,这一句话提供的信息还不够。这句话给出了“for example”给上文举例子,不妨向上多看一句:
  Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.
  翻译一下:生态学家特别想知道什么因素会导致生态群落的恢复,因为全世界的顶级群落(climax communities)都正在经历人类严重地破坏和摧毁。
  可见,这句话告诉我们科学家发现“人类造成的毁坏”特别严重。那么下文举例子就要顺承这个关系,“自然导致的毁坏”和“人类导致的毁坏”相比——相形见绌呗!
  再来看四个选项,选择“loses significance”就不会感到奇怪了。而我们背pale这个单词的时候是绝对不会把这个意思和“lose significance”联系到一块儿的,这就是逻辑关系在真正解题过程中的妙处。
  总的来说,对于托福阅读考试的准备,词汇量是绝对必要的条件,但不是充分的。我们往往困惑于自己单词也背了,明明都每个词都认识也无法做对题目。这时,解决问题就要跳出纯粹追求词汇“量”的层面,而是从阅读文章本身着眼,提升我们逻辑分析的能力,这也是我们在上课的时候要重点培养和训练学生的能力。我们做题纠结的关键经常是只看树木,不见森林。走了好多弯路,把自己感动却没有收获。如果说阅读考试的准备有捷径、有套路,那么逻辑关系就是最大的“套”,把题目零碎的信息“套”上逻辑,也会帮你把考点看得更透更清晰。毕竟,有“套”才更放心。

1 semiarid
adj.雨量非常少的,半干旱的
  • The region is semiarid to arid in overall climate.这个地区总体上是半干旱至干旱气候。
  • In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture.在很多半干旱地带也有下层的树带界限,在这种环境中,由于缺乏水分,森林下缘逐渐变成干草原或者是沙漠。
2 ecological
adj.生态的,生态学的
  • The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
  • Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.
3 phenomena
n.现象
  • Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
  • The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系,如果存在着任何联系的话。
4 margins
边( margin的名词复数 ); 利润; 页边空白; 差数
  • They have always had to make do with relatively small profit margins. 他们不得不经常设法应付较少的利润额。
  • To create more space between the navigation items, add left and right margins to the links. 在每个项目间留更多的空隙,加左或者右的margins来定义链接。
5 climax
n.顶点;高潮;v.(使)达到顶点
  • The fifth scene was the climax of the play.第五场是全剧的高潮。
  • His quarrel with his father brought matters to a climax.他与他父亲的争吵使得事态发展到了顶点。
6 severely
adv.严格地;严厉地;非常恶劣地
  • He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
  • He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
7 volcanic
adj.火山的;象火山的;由火山引起的
  • There have been several volcanic eruptions this year.今年火山爆发了好几次。
  • Volcanic activity has created thermal springs and boiling mud pools.火山活动产生了温泉和沸腾的泥浆池。
标签: 托福写作
学英语单词
(terthiophen)yl
abettal
activation block
aglyconic
Almquist unit
amount limit
at-class
automatic sensing display flag
Auvergnese
Boltzman distribution law
chromizes
cobefrin
common emitter junction phototransistor
compass of competency
cotton scarlet
current weighted index
dangl
debused
delayed plan position indicator
deodorization by water wash
digital audio workstation
duterte
dysostosis enchondralis metaepiphysaria
ectendotrophic mycorrhiza
exterior trim
facies sphenomaxillaris
first-aid surgery
front connection type
fullwave rectifier
gamma-loop
garbage-fired boiler
gas train
gigatesla
gradient charge
gummatous proctitis
halfcycle
hanlawhile
heterotropia
high sensibility tester
hoon
ice thrust
inner-bark borer
insistency
integrated programming environment
ketocaine
Kouilou, Rég. du
lake inlet
lateralisation
leak finding
let me
lipofibromatosis
loess-like loam
low yield per mu
masking film
MCA (maximum credible accident)
media necrosis
methylpiperidinopyrazole
microreactor activity
mid-mounted mower
moral framework
nanoswitches
nonperpendicularity
nucleophilic gene
observable vector
oratosquilla fabricii
over-exerted
Pandaceae
paper-grade talc
passive transport
phon(o)-
Piseco
polychrones
prefix expression
primary high explosive
pustuloulcerating
Puyehue, Vol.
recuperation heat
ren lobatus
rotary scanning spectroscope
Rupert Brooke
seed longevity
serum prothrombin
served as
sighting telescope
smelt up
solar absorption refrigerating machine
symmetrize
tackle purchase
tend-toward
tetramates
Tinia
transfer standard
tunica albuginea corporis spongiosi penis
UNIF (uniformity)
upward-stroke
urkel
viscotiol
wash-water
water in oil test
water-immiscible
well-tanned
young tableau