2005年NPR美国国家公共电台八月-Science Explores Meditation's Effect on t

This is Morning Edition from NPR news.I am Steven Skip and I am Renee Montagne .Time now for our consumer health segment.

Lots of people turn to physical exercise to get their bodies in shape. The concept of reshaping the mind is more elusive 1. Some neuroscientists have begun investigating meditation 2 as a way to achieve that goal. People who meditate 3 say it induces well-being 4 and emotional balance. Scientists hypothesize that meditation does that by changing the way the brain works. NPR's Allison Aubrey reports.

A few weeks ago, a bunch of brain scientists gathered in an old monastery 5 for an unusual meeting. They rose at five AM, ate breakfast in silence, and then got down to business, discussing meditation. The conference was organized and bankrolled by the Mind and Life Institute. It’s run by a guy named Adam Angle.

What we are trying to do is to establish, if you will, a new sub-field of science that will ask and answer the question how do you create and maintain a healthy mind.

Unger is a Harvard-trained lawyer who's spent much of his life as both an entrepreneur and a Buddhist 6 meditator 7. It's an unusual profile but it helps explain what he is doing now which is supporting the work of scientists who are using sophisticated tools to evaluate the brains of meditators.

It seems absolutely clear that meditation is doing something that can be measured with standard, you know, cognitive 8 tests.

Brend Field is a neuroscientist at Princeton University. He's one of 200 or so scientists at the monastery for the week. His research is focused on figuring out what happens inside the minds of the most experienced meditators. It's a work that he never imagined doing five years ago. Back then he was working for Microsoft where he was applying his knowledge of neuroscience to computer technology. But as his personal practice of meditation grew stronger, he began to think of the mind as mental technology and meditation a sort of software or tool for upgrading.

People who have spent a lot of time in their head have figureed out that there are ways to start controlling the mind in ways that, in a very chaotic 9 world that we live in we don’t really appreciate that. So they’ve developed this mental technology if you excuse the metaphor,which allows them to use meditation to encourage positive emotions and diminish negative ones. This is what some people are calling “mindfulness”. In order to nail down what happens to the brain as the result of this practice, Field has been studying Tibetan monks 11. These are contemplatives who've logged thousands of hours in complete introspection. What Field's team does is to fly the monks over to their lab in Princeton and give them dozens of tests designed to measure mental clarity. In one task, for instance, they showed the monks a bunch of words which also happened to be colors. The monks' job is to call out the word and the color. The trick is not to be thrown off, when the word, say, green but happens to be written in brown. The researchers measure how the monks respond and use visual imaging machines MRIs to snap pictures of their brain activity.

In pretty much every task when monks are in the state of meditation they perform differently than when they are not. Frequently enough they perform better buteven if only by a little bit. But across this gist 12 of experiments we've done I think at this point we really don’t have a map that we can put them on and that’s why I think this is gonna be a 20-year project.

So the results are slow in coming but two published studies by researchers at the University of Wisconsin have nailed down a few connections between the brain and meditation. The Wisconsin scientists have demonstrated that meditators do have increased activity in one part of the brain, the left prefrontal cortex which is associated with emotional well-being. The response is strongest with long-time adept 13 meditators. But the researchers see the same pattern of brain activity in people who are just being taught to meditate. It’s this kind of novice 14 meditators that interest Imishi Jo. She is a neuroscientist at the University of Pennsylvania. And a few years ago she wanted to know if meditation could benefit the everyday Joe. She started looking into existing meditation research where psychologist asked people to report how meditation made them feel.

Over and over again people say it does change the way they feel and my part of it is understanding if it is true that people are reporting they feel better, what might be the mechanism 15 by which that change happens? And the hypothesis that I’m testing coz I’m an attention researcher is to look to see if it really is particular aspects of attention that are getting strengthened.

Meaning is the brain sort of rewiring itself to be more attentive 16. In her lab at Penn she recruited medical and nursing students who were participating in a two-month class called “Mindfulness-based stress reduction”. Here they got basic instruction in meditation. Throughout the course Jo put the students in front of computer screens and gave them a series of concentration test to establish which aspects of attention were being engaged. One test, for instance, had the students stare at blank screens, wait for instructions about images that were about to appear, and then respond by analyzing 17 some quality of the picture. She's still coming through her preliminary data, but she says there does seem to be a strong relationship between meditation and attention.

There's a development on a practice-related trajectory 18 of what seems to get better and initially 19 it seems to start out as really the ability to focus your attention in a specific way. And as you practice more and more, the ability to flexibly allocate 20 attention in a more open way may actually improve. Now I’m saying this and when I came to it from our result, I was shocked. I was like very surprised. Wow, this is great, Mindfulness is not a single end point but actually a whole path.

Jo discussed her findings with the scientists gathered at the Mind and Life conference. Also on the speaker’s platform were some of the Olympians of meditation. In particular, a French born Zen Monk 10 named Netune Ricar. He gave a talk to the scientists about a concept called “the open mind”, and afterwards Imishi Jo wanted to pick his brain a little more

And something that you said really struck me coz I don’t really understand it

Ricar was trying to shed light on one mindfulness technique. It’s the idea that you open your mind or your consciousness to everything yet you are distracted by nothing, something that sounds contradictory 21.

So when it’s really open you’re not focusing at all.

Yes, I'm not focusing at all, that’s right

That’s what I don’t understand, we don’t have a mind for that.

Jo uses the language of neuroscience. She speaks in terms of the taxonomy of attention and the neurobases of attentional systems. So translating the Zen concept of the open mind into science is going to take some time.

The concept is not weird 22 at all ,I mean it can be understood

If I think about what that means, I mean, it doesn’t follow the logic 23 that we use in how we think attention is.

You can make an example. You say, ok, now instead of focusing on right there in front of your nose, lay back, relax, and try to make you mind like a big space , a vast space. So I mean this people can understand, it's very vivid relaxation 24, but no tension.

It’s the sort of thing that makes no sense to people who’ve never meditated 25, that’s why first timers are often taught on mindfulness one-to-one approach, the technique focuses on breathing and Imishi Jo says it’s pretty straightforward 26.

Put all of your attention to your breathe. Don’t think about other things. Don’t think about other sensations or thoughts. If your attention wanders from your breath, gently return it. That’s really that complexity 27 instruction I mean that’s what it boils down to.

The intent is to shut off all the chatter 28 in the brain to stop endless rumination 29 and anxiety

Mindfulness is just a tool.

A shovel 30 in the labor 31 of training the mind, that's the way Adam Unger sees it.

We can actually learn how to become happier and healthier people.

His goal at the Mind and Life Institute is to keep the research going, staging conferences and supporting more young researchers who want to join the investigation 32.

Allison Aubrey, NPR news.