2006年VOA标准英语-Drought Ravages East Africa

By Cathy Majtenyi
Nairobi
07 February 2006

The drought ravaging 1 the East Africa area is having a severe impact on millions of people. Experts note a steady decrease in rainfall amounts, over the past few years, and say it will take a while to recover.

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Maasai cattle walk through an area stripped of vegetation, in the Amboseli national park in Kenya, January 4, 2006   
  

For at least three seasons now, Kenya's northeastern district, Wajir, has had a fraction of the rainfall that is normally deposited in the area.

To survive the rugged 2 arid 3 and semi-arid conditions, herders usually move from place to place, taking their cows and other livestock 4 to where there is water.

That is no longer the case. There is almost no water anywhere in Wajir.

Brendan Cox, spokesman with the Kenyan office of the British aid agency, Oxfam, describes to VOA what he witnessed during a recent trip to Wajir, where he says about 90 percent of the population depend on livestock farming for a living.

"The situation is really horrific there. The air is full of the stink 5 of the dead and rotting animals. The borehole is surrounded by dead and dying cows and sheep and even camels," he described. "But also now, you're beginning to get humans dying, not in large numbers at the moment. The number of schoolchildren in the school had plummeted 6 as people roam further in search of pasture for their animals. The remaining children who were still in the school couldn't concentrate because of the stink of the dead animals in the air."

Wajir, other districts of northern and eastern Kenya, southern Somalia and parts of Ethiopia fall within the worst affected 7 areas of a drought that is ravaging East Africa.

 
A young goat herder in Niger 
  
According to the U.S. government's Famine Early Warning Systems Network, rainfall totals for the year in East Africa ranged from 20 to 60 percent of normal, with the March to May long rains virtually non-existent.

The effects of the drought are also being felt in Eritrea, Djibouti, Tanzania, Burundi, southern Sudan, Uganda and Rwanda.

Experts report that eastern Africa has experienced poor rains for six successive years.

Samuel Mwangi is senior meteorologist with the Kenya Meteorological Department. He explains that, in the highlands of East Africa, there can be more than 1,000 millimeters of rain a year, while arid and semi-arid places such as Wajir receive about 200 millimeters a year.

But, he says, in the season of short rains from October to December, only about seven millimeters fell in Wajir.

Mwangi says it will take awhile for the region to recover from the drought.

"If the rains came even today, you'd still need to even feed people who depend on agricultural products for quite some time until the crops mature," he said. "But, once the good rains come, the recovery is quite fast - in three, four, up to maybe six months. Then people would be back to their normal livelihoods 8. But, in terms of building [live]stock, this takes a lot of time." 
  

The young are the most vulnerable to drought  
  
Rainfall is needed to revive pastoral lands and nurture 9 crops.

Rainfall also recharges lakes, rivers, wetlands, forests and other dense 10 natural vegetation, where water is stored and slowly released back into the air.

An expert in the U.N. Environment Program's Division of Early Warning and Assessment 11, Christian 12 Lambrechts, explains that heavy deforestation and other forms of degradation 13 leads to the environment being less able to absorb the effects of droughts, making the droughts more severe.

Lambrechts says that, a century ago, about eight percent of Kenya's land was covered with forests; now, only 1.7 percent of forest lands remain.

"So, clearly, if we start playing with those ecosystems 14, if we start basically diminishing our ability of helping 15 coping with a dry season, clearly we are going to reduce the ability of those ecosystems to provide the normal services, and as such we might have a full collapse 16 of everything which are depending on those services, which is what we are seeing now in northern Kenya," he said.

He says he has noticed similar patterns of degradation across East Africa.

The drought has resulted in failed crops, higher food prices, and a decrease in the quantity and quality of livestock.

Poverty is intensifying 17. In the Bakool area of southern Somalia, some families are reported to be spending up to 80 percent of their income on water. People sometimes have to walk for hours to find water.

The United Nations' Food and Agricultural Organization estimates that 11 million people in the region are, in its words, "on the brink 18 of starvation" because of the drought and non-weather-related factors, such as conflict.