时间:2018-11-30 作者:英语课 分类:历年考研英语阅读理解


英语课
[00:00.00]在线英语听力室(www.tingroom.com)友情制作
[00:06.04]2005 Text1
[00:11.27]Everybody loves a fat pay rise.
[00:14.10]Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn
[00:17.22]that a colleague has been given a bigger one.
[00:20.43]Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking,
[00:24.06]you might even be outraged 1.
[00:26.69]Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human",
[00:30.64]with the underlying 2 assumption that other animals
[00:33.44]would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance 3.
[00:37.99]But a study by Sarah Brosnan
[00:40.10]and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,
[00:44.72]which has just been published in Nature,
[00:47.56]suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
[00:52.10]The researchers studied the behaviour of female
[00:55.22]brown capuchin monkeys.
[00:57.95]They look cute.
[00:59.24]They are good-natured, co-operative creatures,
[01:02.17]and they share their food readily.
[01:04.80]Above all, like their female human counterparts,
[01:08.62]they tend to pay much closer attention to
[01:11.36]the value of "goods and services" than males.
[01:15.90]Such characteristics make them perfect candidates
[01:19.01]for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study.
[01:23.38]The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys
[01:26.89]to exchange tokens for food.
[01:30.32]Normally, the monkeys were happy enough
[01:32.84]to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.
[01:37.48]However, when two monkeys
[01:39.21]were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,
[01:42.75]so that each could observe
[01:44.25]what the other was getting in return for its rock,
[01:47.47]their behaviour became markedly different.
[01:51.40]In the world of capuchins,
[01:53.31]grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers).
[01:58.35]So when one monkey was handed a grape
[02:00.89]in exchange for her token,
[02:02.80]the second was reluctant to hand hers over
[02:05.74]for a mere 5 piece of cucumber.
[02:07.95]And if one received a grape without
[02:09.85]having to provide her token in exchange at all,
[02:13.68]the other either tossed her own token
[02:16.40]at the researcher or out of the chamber 4,
[02:19.52]or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.
[02:23.45]Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in
[02:26.07]the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it)
[02:30.12]was enough to induce resentment 6 in a female capuchin.
[02:33.95]在线英语听力室(www.tingroom.com)友情制作
[02:34.56]The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys,
[02:37.79]like humans, are guided by social emotions.
[02:41.62]In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species.
[02:45.67]Such cooperation is likely to be stable only
[02:49.10]when each animal feels it is not being cheated.
[02:52.84]Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems,
[02:55.54]are not the preserve of people alone.
[02:58.57]Refusing a lesser 7 reward completely makes
[03:01.39]these feelings abundantly clear
[03:03.21]to other members of the group.
[03:06.84]However, whether such a sense of fairness
[03:09.86]evolved independently in capuchins and humans,
[03:13.49]or whether it stems from the common ancestor
[03:16.13]that the species had 35 million years ago,
[03:19.56]is, as yet, an unanswered question.


1 outraged
a.震惊的,义愤填膺的
  • Members of Parliament were outraged by the news of the assassination. 议会议员们被这暗杀的消息激怒了。
  • He was outraged by their behavior. 他们的行为使他感到愤慨。
2 underlying
adj.在下面的,含蓄的,潜在的
  • The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
  • This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。
3 grievance
n.怨愤,气恼,委屈
  • He will not easily forget his grievance.他不会轻易忘掉他的委屈。
  • He had been nursing a grievance against his boss for months.几个月来他对老板一直心怀不满。
4 chamber
n.房间,寝室;会议厅;议院;会所
  • For many,the dentist's surgery remains a torture chamber.对许多人来说,牙医的治疗室一直是间受刑室。
  • The chamber was ablaze with light.会议厅里灯火辉煌。
5 mere
adj.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过
  • That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。
  • It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间。
6 resentment
n.怨愤,忿恨
  • All her feelings of resentment just came pouring out.她一股脑儿倾吐出所有的怨恨。
  • She cherished a deep resentment under the rose towards her employer.她暗中对她的雇主怀恨在心。
7 lesser
adj.次要的,较小的;adv.较小地,较少地
  • Kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
  • She has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及,但程度较轻。
学英语单词
ahemeral days
arbitrary-function generator
beam intensity distribution
beginning of conversation
calorie small
can you feel my world
carboxylic acrylonitrile butadiene rubber latex
cargo winch
champenize
chlorvinyldichloroarsine
chrome-manganese-silicon alloy steel
chromospheric eruption
cioteronel
coaminopherase
compilation order
computer main frequency
corporate group
corsse
cross-section ionization detector
cube farm
decade band
decentralised
deep trades
deformable raft
denounc't
diphthongise
do what one is capable of
dynamic geomorphology
electronic specific heat
emiss
feather picker
financial supervision
fire resistant paint
genus pezizas
get a patent on
get robbed
go with
Gran Colombia
grenade throwers
gyro-TWT
hanson
harebin
have one's bread buttered for life
highly-academic
insulinization
interference inversion
It's a small world.
large rock mass
lethrinus variegatus
linguistic description
lowest normal low water
Malvastrum coromandelianum
mangan-Rockbridgeite
manzanar
medium-intensity approach light system
mendigo
metranemia
Moorhusen
nag screens
oceanite
patholinguistics
patripassianism
persuing
phenanthrine
photopolymerization system
phototroller
project into
proofreadings
public decision making
pulse-power breakdown
pump power input
pyruric
Rami nasales anteriores laterales
range of mountains
rated revolutions
rheticus
risic acid
Réclère
self-blinded
separated layer fertilization
sexual chemistry
shrieved
shrinking and thinning
siphonuli
smallness of cornea
sokoloff
Spinoolivary
star cross
stowing machine
subclavial
tabp
temperature anomaly
tethery
time working day
time-life
transmitter frequency tolerance
u-verse
usuals
walking bosses
water discipline
wow us
Zhanay